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Fitness trade
________- offs are the inescapable compromise between two traits that can not be optimized simultaneously.
UN projections
The ________ are based on three scenarios, which hinge on different values for fertility rates－the average number of surviving children that each woman has during her lifetime.
replacement rate
The ________ is the average fertility required for each woman to produce exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offsprings father.
K
Carrying capacity, ________, is defined as the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over α sustained period of time.
Biotic factors
________, such as past and current interactions with other species provide habitat, food, or competition.
area of Z vivipαrαvaries
The population density- the number of individuals per unit ________ throughout its range.
geographic distribution
Most species identification guides show the range, or ________, of different species.
Analyzing birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and emigration rates are fundamental to demography
the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
51.5 Case Study
Human Population Growth
Range
geographic distribution
population density
the number of individuals per unit area
immigration
occurs when individuals enter a population by moving from another population
emigration
occurs when individuals leave a population to join another population
demography
the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
age structure
how many individuals of each age are alive
generation time
the average time between a mother’s first offspring and her daughter’s first offspring
age class
a group of individuals of a specific age
cohort
a group of the same age that can be followed through time
Survivorship
proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age (the opposite of mortality)
Fitness trade-offs
the inescapable compromise between two traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously
Note 
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