1450-1750 AP Exam Review

Final Exam Review

Jannisaries (Ottoman)

Formed elite in the Ottoman Army, made up of Christian boys taken from the Balkans converted into Islam and educated and trained. They served as infantry and were known for their loyalty to the Sultan, playing a key role in military campaigns.

The Law Giver (Ottoman)

Comprehensive doification of laws that brought order and structure in the Empire.

Monetary Tribute (Ottomans)

A system where conquered territories were required to pay a fixed sum of money, reinforcing the economic dominance of the Ottoman Empire and supporting its administrative structure, as well as goods to the central government in Istanbul.

Economy in Ottoman Empire

-Allowed traders to serve as middlemen and collect taxes and enforce laws and maintain order at a social level

-Levied tax on peasants (grew rich through taxing them)

-Artisans organized into guilds that regulated production and trade, ensuring quality and fair pricing. (Guilds: professional organization that regulated various trades and crafts)

Political (Ottoman Empire)

-Vizers: high government administrators that advised the sultan and managed specific state affairs, playing a crucial role in governance and administration.

-Ulama: Islamic scholars and legal experts that established Sharia law and education as well as religious authority

-The Sultan: the supreme leader with ultimate authority, overseeing the entirety of the empire's political and military matters.

-Gunpowders and canons used to expand empire and conquer territoy

Interaction with Enviornment (Ottoman)

-Controlled key trade routes and facilitated commerce between Europe and Asia, influencing cultural exchange and economic activity. (Silk Road and Mediterrarean Sea)

-Built infrastructure: roads and caravanserais to support trade and travel, promoting economic growth.

Encomienda System

A labor system employed by Spanish colonizers in the Americas, granting them the right to extract labor from indigenous peoples in exchange for protection and Christian education. This system compelled indegenous people to work for the Spanish in exchange for food and shelter.

The Casta System

A hierarchical social structure in colonial Spanish America that categorized people based on race and ancestry, determining their legal rights and social status.

• New political elites became unlocked

• Ordered society by standards of small minority of Spanish Elites and influenced social mobility and privileges.

Peninsulares

Members of highest social class, Spanish born, were government officials and could govern the colonies

Creoles

European descent born from the Americas who were excluded from high government positions and held a significant amount of land and wealth.

Mestizos

European and Native Ancestry people in colonial Spanish America, who held a socio-economic status between the Peninsulares and the Native Americans.

Mulattos

European and African Ancestry

Viceroys

Representatives of the Spanish crown in colonial territories, tasked with governing areas in the Americas and ensuring the adherence to imperial policies.

Magnetic Compass

• Compass made my the Chinese to navigate using Earth's magnetic field, greatly improving maritime exploration.

Astrolabe

• Established by Greece and Arab scholars, the astrolabe was an ancient instrument used for solving problems related to time and the position of the stars. It played a crucial role in navigation and astronomy, especially during the Age of Exploration.

Lateen Sails

• Triangular sails that improved maneuverability and speed of ships, enabling exploration and trade.

• They were crucial for navigating against the wind.

• Made by Arab sand widely adopted in the Mediterranean.

Ottoman Timars

Land Grants to aristocratic class in payment for serving government (like military service), grew rich through taxiation and agricultural productivity.

• Eventually grew weak, as Ottoman State converted lands to tax farms which generated profit directly to the state

Portugese Maritime Inventions

-Caravel and Carrack were innovative ships designed for exploration and trade, greatly enhancing maritime navigation and cargo capacity in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Joint Stock Companies

• A limited liability buisness, merchants relied on states to grant them monopolies on various regions of trade, states relied on merchants to expand influence

• and accumulate wealth through joint investments, sharing risks and profits among multiple investors.

• British East India Company

• Dutch East India Company (Dutch dominated Indian Ocean and expanded Dutch influence)

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.

• Brough smallpox, measles, and malaria

• Foods and Plants: Europeans brought olives, wheat, and grapes, and introduced African and Asia foods (rice and sugar)

• Maize and Potatoes were brought to Europe

Spanish Reconquista

• Rid the Iberian Peninsula and establish Christianity as dominating religion

• Expelled Jews( fled to Portugal and recieved the same response), eventually led them to flee to the Ottoman Empire

African Slave Trade

The transatlantic trade system in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas to work as slaves, significantly impacting demographics, economies, and cultures in both Africa and the New World.

• Gender Imbalance

• Brutual conditions of the Middle Passage

• Growing emergence of creole languages

• Rise of Polygyny (marrying more than one person)

Indentured Servitude

-Labor for a specific period of time

Mita System

-Originated in the Incas, established by the Spanish for labor in silver mines and agriculture.

• Provided labor on state projects for a certain amount of days per year

Expansion of African States

Asante Empire: provided highly deseriable goods, such as gold, ivory, and enslaved people

Kingdom of Kongo: gold, copper, enslaved people, King converted to Christianity to foster trade relations with Portugal.

Resistance of Imperial Expansion

-Effects of resistance made by the Tokugawa shogunate and other groups against foreign influence, impacting policies and trade.

• Shogun percieved the development of Christianity as a threat to traditional ideals in China and sought to restrict foreign influence, leading to the isolationist policies known as Sakoku.

France Response to Imperalisim

In order to expand, and finance imperalisim , they passed edicts (which would increase taxes on citizens), which spurred rebellion

• Nobels power weakened due to absoloutism and growing monarchy increased by ability to put down rebellions.

Changes of Indian Ocean Trade Network

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• Introduction of Indian Ocean trade met with force by the Europeans

• New Joint Stock Companies

• Greater spread of Islam (East Africa, and Southeast Asia) through merchants

• Increase in competition among European powers for control of trade routes; innovations in navigation and shipbuilding facilitated long-distance trade.

Continuities of Indian Ocean Trade Network

• South, East, and Southeast, Middle Eastern merchants continued to use Indian Ocean Trade network

• Overland routes like the Silk Road were still almost entirely controlled by various Asian land based powers (Ming, Qing, Ottoman)

• Peasants and Artisians labor continued by increased of consumer goods and demands for food

• Trade persisted despite European competition, maintaining cultural exchanges. The demand for goods influenced local economies and social structures.

Effects of Silver

Produced luxtury goods from China and satisfied their demand, developed commercilization in China

Silver that was traded on the Atlantic system grew wealth for those participated

Increase in labor as labor mines contiuned to be established in the Americas