Chemistry A & P

What is an atom

the fundamental unit of matter

What is an element

the simplest form of matter that has unique chemical properties

What is the nucleus

the center of an atom

What charge does a proton have

positive (+)

What charge does a neutron have

no charge

What charge does an electron have

negative (-)

What are valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell that determine an atom’s chemical bonding properties

What is an element’s atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus

What makes up an element’s atomic mass

the number of protons and neutrons

What are the 6 major elements in the human body

1. oxygen

2. carbon

3. hydrogen

4. nitrogen

5. calcium

6. phosphorus

Ocean City Has Nice Coastal Properties

What are minerals

inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed through the food chain to humans

What is an ion

a charged particle with an unequal number of protons and electrons

What is ionization

the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

What is an anion

an ion that gains electrons and has a net negative charge

What is a cation

an ion that loses electrons and has a net positive charge

What are electrolytes

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function that ionize in water and conduct electricity

What is a molecule

a chemical particle composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

What is a compound

a molecule composed of two or more different elements

What are the 4 main types of chemical bonds

1. ionic

2. covalent (polar and nonpolar)

3. hydrogen bonds

What is an ionic bond

an attraction between anions and cations where electrons are atom to another

What is a non polar covalent bond

a bond where electrons are shared equally

What is a polar covalent bond

a bond where electrons are shared unequally because of differences in electronegativity

What is a hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, such as oxygen

What are the 5 life-supporting properties of water

1. solvency

2. cohesion

3. adhesion

4. chemical reactivity

5. thermal stability

What is cohesion

the tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

What is adhesion

the tendency of one substances to cling to another

What is a solution

a solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent

What is an acid

a proton (H+) donor

What is a base

an H(+) acceptor; may bases release OH-

What does pH measure

it is a measure derived from the concentration of H+

What is neutral pH

7.0

What is the normal pH of human blood

7.35-7.45

What is a buffer

a chemical solution that resists changes in pH

What is kinetic energy

energy of motion

What is potential energy

stored energy that is not currently doing work

What is chemical energy

potential energy held in molecular bonds

What is a chemical reaction

a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

Where are reactants and products located in a chemical equation

reactants are on the left; products are on the right

What increases reaction rates

increased reactant concentration, increased temperature, and catalysts

What is metabolism

all chemical reactions of the body

What is catabolism

energy-releasing decomposition reactions that break down molecules

What is anabolism

energy-storing synthesis reactions that build larger molecules

What are the 4 categories of organic molecules

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

4. nucleic acids

Why is carbon special

it has 4 valence electrons and can form up to 4 stable bonds

What are functional groups

small clusters of atoms attached to a carbon backbone that determine many properties of organic molecules

What is a polymer

a macromolecule made of repetitive identical or similar subunits called monomers

What is dehydration synthesis

joining monomers to form a polymer while removing a water molecule

What is hydrolysis

splitting a polymer by adding a water molecule

What are the 3 important monosaccharides

1. glucose

2. galactose

3. fructose

What is a disaccharide

a sugar made of two monosaccharides

What is sucrose made of

glucose + fructose

What is lactose made of

glucose + galactose

What is maltose made of

glucose + glucose

What is glycogen

an energy-storage polysaccharide in liver and muscle cells

What is starch

an energy-storage polysaccharide in plants that humans can digest

What is cellulose

a structural molecule in plants and an important source of dietary fiber that humans cannot digest

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophobic

What are the 3 primary types of lipids in humans

1. triglycerides

2. phospholipids

3. steroids

What is the primary function of triglycerides

energy storage

What is the function of phospholipids

they form the structural foundation of cell membranes

What is a steroid

a lipid with four interlocking carbon rings

What is cholesterol

the “parent” steroid from which other steroids are synthesized

What is a protein

a polymer of amino acids

What is the building block of proteins

amino acids

What determines the properties of an amino acid

its R group

What is a peptide bond

a bond joining two amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis

What is denaturation

a conformational change that destroys a protein’s ability to function

What are the 4 levels of protein structure

1. primary

2. secondary

3. tertiary

4. quaternary

What is primary protein structure

the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

What is secondary protein structure

alpha helices or beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding

What is tertiary protein structure

folding and coiling caused by interactions among R groups

What is quaternary protein structure

the association of two or more polypeptide chains

What are enzymes

proteins that function as biological catalysts

What is a substrate

the substance an enzymes acts upon

What do enzymes do to activation energy

they lower it

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

What is ATP

the body’s most important energy-transfer molecule

What are the 4 DNA bases

1. adenine

2. thymine

3. guanine

4. cytosine

What are the 4 RNA bases

1. adenine

2. uracil

3. guanine

4. cytosine

What is the main function of DNA

it holds the gerontic instructions for synthesizing proteins

What is the main function of RNA

it used genetic instructions to build proteins

Is DNA single- or double-stranded

double-stranded

Is RNA single - double-stranded

single-stranded

What are the 3 types of RNA

1. mRNA

2. rRNA

3. tRNA

Which of the following is an example of a mineral

magnesium