What are the three essential components of every computer network system?
Hardware, Software, People
What is a Node in a computer network?
Each computer or networked peripheral on the network
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What are the three essential components of every computer network system?
Hardware, Software, People
What is a Node in a computer network?
Each computer or networked peripheral on the network
What is a PAN (Personal Area Network)?
A network for communication between devices close to one person (e.g., Bluetooth headphones to smartphone)
What is a LAN (Local Area Network)?
A network where computers are physically close (e.g., computer lab or home network)
What is a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)?
A large network covering a specific geographical area like a city
What is a WAN (Wide Area Network)?
A network extending over large distances; the internet is the largest WAN
What is Bandwidth?
Quantity of data transmitted per second (measured in Kbps, Mbps, Gbps)
What affects Bandwidth?
Transmission media (copper/fiber) and network traffic
Compare IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4: 32-bit addresses, IPv6: 128-bit addresses
What is a Network Interface Card (NIC)?
Allows a node to communicate on the network
What is a Router's function?
Routes messages between networks and connects multiple networks
Hub vs. Switch
Hub broadcasts to all nodes; Switch directs to specific nodes
Client/Server Model
One/more dedicated servers; other computers act as clients
Peer-to-Peer Model
Every computer acts as both client and server
What is a Network Operating System (NOS)?
Server software handling communication from multiple clients
What is a Communication Protocol?
System of rules for transmitting information between entities
Why must protocols match?
Mismatched speeds (e.g., 200Kbps vs. 100Kbps) prevent communication
What is TCP/IP?
Protocol controlling internet data exchange (e.g., HTTP, FTP, DHCP, DNS)
What are Packets?
Small pieces of data (e.g., email/image parts) for internet transmission
Modem Connection
Uses telephone lines; speed up to 56.6 Kbps
Broadband Types
DSL (phone lines), Cable (TV cables), Satellite, Optical Fiber
Wireless Network Examples
Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, Infrared, Bluetooth, 3G/4G/5G, Wireless Sensor Networks
What is Wi-Fi?
Radio waves linking computers to Wireless Access Points (WAPs)
Wi-Fi Interference Factors
Blocking objects, antenna placement, other wireless devices
What is Wi-Max?
Radio tech covering ~25 square miles per tower
What is Bluetooth?
Wireless standard for short-distance (10-100m) device connections (printers, cameras)
Tethering vs. Mobile Hotspot
Tethering: cable connection; Hotspot: Wi-Fi-based portable WAP
Wireless Security Measures
Passwords, encryption (WEP-low, WPA, WPA2-most secure)
Network Advantages
Share hardware/resources, data/software, enable collaboration
What is IoT?
Internet-connected everyday objects sending/receiving data (e.g., smart home/cities)
IoT Challenges
Security, privacy, massive data handling
What is Blockchain?
Peer-to-peer network recording verified transactions in a public ledger
Blockchain Applications
Cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum)
Interpersonal Computing
Human-to-human digital communication (70% of internet time)
Synchronous Communication
Real-time (e.g., IM, audio/video conferencing)
Asynchronous Communication
Non-real-time (e.g., email, forums)
Email Server Function
Handles/delivers email over networks (usually internet)
Common Email Issues
Spam, attachment sizes, size limitations
What is VoIP?
Voice over IP (uses internet protocols for voice/fax)
Video Teleconferencing Benefits
No travel, time savings, resource sharing
Blog Types
Blogs (online diaries), Microblogs (small content like Twitter), Vlogs (video blogs)
Social Networking Pros
Accessible, inexpensive, keeps users informed/connected
Social Networking Cons
Privacy risks, information overload, addiction
Social Media Influencers
Users with industry credibility/large audiences (e.g., YouTube, Instagram)
Media Sharing Examples
YouTube, Vimeo (viral videos, streaming, live streaming, podcasts)
What is Crowdsourcing?
Using crowd intelligence to solve problems (e.g., Wikipedia, Kickstarter)
Online Gaming Examples
MMORPGs, First-Person Shooters (PlayStation Network, Xbox Live)
Gaming Characteristics
Thousands of players, virtual roles, addiction, group cooperation
File Sharing Methods
Peer-to-peer (torrents), Grid Computing (shared processing), Cloud Computing
Online Survival Tips
Store contacts, avoid suspicious links/emails, update systems, verify info