Bio Ch.8

Emerging virus

Viruses that were previously endemic or had crossed species barriers expanded their host ranger

Pandemic

Global epidemic

Describe the basic structure of bacterial cell

All bacteria are single-celled organisms

• A cell membrane, a rigid cell wall, Internal cytoplasm with ribosomes, nuclei region, and possibly granules or vesicles

• External capsules, flagella, and/or pili

Identify causative agent, symptoms and complications for Diphtheria

Causative agent:

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae

• Toxin inhibits protein synthesis

• Targets heart and nervous system cells

Symptoms: sore throat, difficulty breathing, and nasal discharge

Complications:

• Pseudomembrane forms over tonsils, palate.

• Made of clotted blood cells, and leukocytes killed by the toxin

• Blocks air passageway

Identify causative agents, symptoms, and complications for Whooping Cough

Causative agent: Bordatella pertussis

• Toxins paralyze cilia in respiratory cells

Complications: decreased oxygen in blood. Coughing may cause hemorrhage, rib fractures, vomiting, and dehydration. Very difficult for high death rate patients

Symptoms: fever, sneezing, vomiting, strong violent cough: mucus and masses of bacteria fill the airway

Identify causative agents, symptoms and complications of Tuberculosis

Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Complications: respiratory complications, extrapulmonary complications, liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, malnutrition, and death

Symptoms: cough, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, and chills

Identify causative agents, symptoms, and complications for Meningitis

Causative agent: neisseria meningitidis

• produces large amounts of toxin

Complications: clogging of blood vessels, increased pressure within the skull from swelling, and impaired CNS function

Symptoms: headaches, fever, chills, crying, neck stiffness—> seizures, coma, death

Identify causative agents, symptoms, and complications of Tetanus

Causative agent: Clostridium tetani

• Forms endospores'

Complications: tetanospasmin which is one of the most lethal toxins known

Symptoms: General rigidity and sustained, spasms of skeletal muscles, difficulty swallowing, lockjaw

Identify causative agents, symptoms, and complications for Polio

Causative agent: Fecal-oral transmission

Complications: infects nerve cells and destroys motor neurons

Symptoms: high fever, back pain, and muscle spasms with partial or complete paralysis

Identify causative agents, symptoms and complications of AIDS

Causative agent: Sexual contact

• IV use (needle sharing)

• Blood transfusions

• Children often acquire HIV from their mothers in utero, during delivery, or breastfeeding

Complications: damages the immune system, shingles, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cancers

Symptoms: Fevers, Diarrhea, yeast infections, and fatigue

Identify causative agents, symptoms, and complications of Influenza

Causative agent: influenza virus

Complications: respiratory infection for humans and for birds is an intestinal infection

Symptoms: novel strain, fever, cough, body aches, and fatigue

Identify causative agents, symptoms, and complications of COVID-19

Causative agent: SARS-CoV-2

Complications: progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart attack, and or stroke

Symptoms: loss of taste and smell, may present mild cold and other symptoms like influenza

How is tuberculosis reactivated?

When the body’s immune system is weakened, allowing the bacteria to multiply and spread

Describe the basic structure of a virus

Nucleic Acid Core (DNA or RNA)

Capsid: protein coat

Envelope: lipid bilayer membrane external to capsid

Are viruses cells?

No (no nucleus, organelles or cytoplasm)

How do viruses cause disease?

Viruses take over cell functions and cause disease: force infected cells to make more viral particles. Often kill the host cell upon release

How do influenza viruses and coronaviruses genetically change to cause a pandemic?

Viruses that were previously endemic or had crossed species barriers expand their host range. By air travel, industry (chnages in contact of humans with reservoirs), and global warming (expansion of vector zone)