AP world vocab

ww 1

ww 1

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

archduke francis ferdinand

heir apparent to Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started WWI

triple alliance

alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system

central powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

total war

warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.

nationalism

political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

self determination

right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders

propoganda

information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

armenian genocide

carried out by many turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenianszim

zimmmerman telegram

during WW1, a coded telegram that German foreign minister sent to the German minister in Mexico proposing that if the United States entered the war, Mexico and Germany should become allies

lenin and the bolsheviks

most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution

bolshevik communist state

lenin succeeded in a communist state led by the Bolshevik after the November 1917 revolution

global war

a war that involves most of the principle nations of the world

influenza epidemic

(1918-1919) killed more people than WW1, 20-40 million dead, one of the most devastating epidemics in world history

treaty of versailles

peace document signed at the end of WWI; brought WWI to an end and stopped the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers; harsh reparations for Germany

league of nations

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; the United States was never a member.

fourteen points

plan of US president Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting peace at the end of WWI; although Wilson's views were popular in Europe, his vision largely failed

mandate system

a policy that determined the fate of the German colonies in the Middle-East; said that the nations in the middle-east were not yet capable of governing themselves and had to be overseen/protected by an advanced nation

great depression

international economic crisis following WWI; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920's; included collapse of banking houses in US & Western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19 century

totaltalitarianism

new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy & Soviet Union

fascism

political philosophy that became predominant in Italy & Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction

corporatims

political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military

benito mussulini

italian fascist leader after WWI; created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories

nazism

took the German Socialist idea of community and applied it on a national scaleadolf

adolf hitler

Nazi leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to WWII; responsible for genocide of European Jews

scientfic racism

the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races

nuremberg laws

laws that placed severe restrictions on Jews; prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books

kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

new economy plan/policy (NEP)

initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined w/ individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover

union of soviet socialist republics (USSR)

federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

joseph stalin

successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.

five-year plans

stalin's plans for the development of the Soviet Union's economy

new deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

mexican revolution

fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

emiliano zapata

mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform

porifirio diaz

one of Juarez's generals; elected president of mexico in 1876; dominated mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government

lazaro cardenas

President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education.

turkish nationalist movement

political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation/shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey; consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in WWI

women's suffrage

the right of women to vote in elections

appeasement

satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

axis powers

alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII

nanjing massacre

mass killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of Japanese imperial army after its seizure of Nanjing, china

holocaust

term for Hitler's genocide of European Jews during WWII; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews

yalta conference

meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war.

potsdam conference

meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union just before the end of WWII in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies.

cold war

the state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of WWII to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.

united nations (UN)

international organization formed in the aftermath of WWII; included all of the victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes

iron curtain

phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946

containment

a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully

truman doctrine

US President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

marshall plan

program of substantial loans initiated by the US in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance

brelin airlift

successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.

NATO

created in 1949 under US leadership to group most of the western European powers + Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression

warsaw pact

alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.

proxy wars

during the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.

korean war

fought from 1950 to 1953; North supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China; South supported by United States and small international United Nations force; ended in stalemate and continued division of Korea.

domino theory

political theory that believed if one nation was Communist, neighboring countries would fall under Communist control as well

ho chi minh

also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and U.S. dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam.

non alligned movement

a movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the US Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

may fourth movement

resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

dr. sun yat sen

head of revolutionary alliance organization that led 1911 revolt against the Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925

chines communist party (CCP)

party formed in 1923 when Sun Yat-Sen merged the Third Communist International and the KMT to create the first of many liberation fronts. This front was completely anticonservative and anti-imperialist, but not fully communist.

mao zedong

(1893-1976) Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958

kuomintang (guomindang)

the Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.

long march

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China.

great leap forward

economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960.

cultural revolution

movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968

deng xiapoing

one of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, and emerged as China's most influential leader in the early 1980s.

decolinization

process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule

armitsar

a city in the Punjab region of India; the location of a brutal massacre of unarmed Indian protesters by British troops in 1919

indian national congress

a broad-based political party in India; founded in 1885, it dominated the independence movement in the 1930s under Mahatma Gandhi, and has been the principal party in government since 1947.

muslim league

founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement

pakistan

country that separated from India in 1947 in S Asia, used to be ruled by Britain but eventually got independence and separated b/c of religion

mohandas ghandi

((1869-1948) led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest

civil disobedience

the refusal to obey the demands/commands of a gov't or occupying power, w/out resorting to violence or active measures of opposition

salt march

passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

muhammad ali jinnah

muslim nationalist leader in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan

jawaharlal nehru

one of Gandhi's disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.

gamal abdel nasser

took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956

suez crisis

when Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the canal

iranian revolution

1979 overthrow of Iran's monarchy and the establishment of an Islamic Republic

kwame nkrumah

african nationalist; responsible for creation of 1st independent black African state of Ghana; established power through the Convention Peoples party (CPP

national liberation front ((NLF)

radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

biafran civil war

also known as Nigerian civil war; civil war fought between the Nigerian gov't and the secessionist state of Biafra

pan-africanism

movement emphasizing the unity of Africans and people of African descent all over the world

negritude

an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heiritage

idi amin of uganda

president of Uganda from 1971-1979; 100,000 killed under him; Uganda left in complete ruins; exiled to Saudi Arabia

balfour decleration

British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917

zionist movement

movement for Jews to return to the Promised Land; eventually identified w/ settlement in Palestine

palestinian liberation organization (PLO)

a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine

pan-arabism

movement that called for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World

augusto pinochet

Chilean dictator responsible for instituting the reforms set out by the Chicago Boys

neocolloialism

industrialized nations' dominance of the world's economy; ability to maintain economic colonialism w/out political colonialism

dollar diplomacy

policy made by the US to control Latin American economy; controlled foreign markets peacefully by investing heavily in companies instead of forcefully controlling them

good neighbor policy

established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics.

sadinistas

Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s

institutional revolutionary party (PRI)

dominant political party in Mexico; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico

drug cartels

large criminal organizations engaged in drug trafficking