Chapter 7- Inside the Cell

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41 Terms

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Ribosomes

are observed in all prokaryotic cells and are found throughout the cell interior.

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Animal cells

contain organelles called lysosomes that function as recycling center.

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Microtubules

have the largest diameter of the three cytoskeletal filaments.

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Myosin

is a motor protein- a protein that converts the chemical energy in ATP into the kinetic energy of mechanical work, just as a cars motor converts the chemical energy in gasoline into spinning wheels.

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Cytokinesis

" (cell- moving) "is 1e final stage in cell division when the cytoplasm is divided to form two cells.

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inner membrane

The solution enclosed within the is called the mitochondrial matrix.

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Golgi apparatus

Even though lysosomes are physically separated from the and the endoplasmic reticulum, these various organelles jointly form a key functional grouping referred to as the endomembrane system.

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plasma membrane

In addition, the movement called cell crawling occurs when groups of actin filaments grow, causing bulges in the that extend and move the cell.

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George Palade

and colleagues did pioneering research on the secretory pathway using a pulse chase experiment to track protein movement.

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differential centrifugation

A technique called was particularly important because it allowed researchers to isolate particular cell components and analyze their chemical composition.

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prokaryotic flagellum

A(n) (plural: flagella) is assembled from many different proteins at the cell surface of certain species.

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exocytosis

When occurs, the vesicle membrane and plasma membrane make contact.

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photosynthesis

Most algal and plant cells possess an organelle called the chloroplast, in which sunlight is converted to chemical energy during .

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glyoxysomes

In the leaves of plants, specialized peroxisomes called are packed with enzymes that oxidize fatty acids to form a compound that can be used to store energy for the cell.

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fungi

The cells of plants, , and certain other eukaryotes contain a prominent organelle called a vacuole.

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Plasmids

contain genes but are physically independent of the cellular chromosome.

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messenger

Molecules called RNAs (mRNA) carry the information required to manufacture proteins.

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experimental cells

The "Pulse: "Expose to a high concentration of a modified amino acid for a short time.

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Chase

The ": "End the pulse by washing away the modified amino acid and replacing it with the normal version of the same molecule.

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Transmission

electron microscope, which passes a beam of electrons through extremely thin sections of cells to visualize their internal structure.

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Cells

are also involved in recycling large structures and organelles that exist within the cytoplasm through a process called autophagy.

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proton pumps

As continue to lower the early endosome's pH, it undergoes a series of processing steps that cause it to mature into a late endosome.

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Nuclear lamins

, which make up the nuclear lamina layer.

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endocytosis

As its name implies, receptor mediated is a sequence of events that begins when particles outside the cell bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.

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prokaryotic chromosomes

While are in a loosely defined nucleoid region, eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed within a membrane bound compartment called the nucleus.

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fimbria

A(n) (plural: fimbriae) is a needle- like projection that extends from the plasma membrane of some bacteria and promotes attachment to other cells or surfaces.

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circular chromosome

The region of the cell where the is located is called the nucleoid.

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unique double membrane structure

It is enclosed by a(n) called the nuclear envelope.

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Cytoplasmic streaming

is the directed flow of cytosol and organelles that is often seen within plant and fungal cells.

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polymers of sugar

Because carbohydrates are monomers, the addition of one or more carbohydrate groups is called glycosylation.

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eukaryotic flagellum

The is closely related to a structure called the cilium (plural: cilia), which is a short, hairlike projection that is also found in some eukaryotic cells.

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organelle

A(n) is a compartment inside the cell- often bounded by a membrane- that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function.

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cytoskeleton

The is a dense and complex network of fibers that helps maintain cell shape by providing structural support.

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The or smooth ER are parts of the ER that are free of ribosomes that appear smooth and even.

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Golgi apparatus

The consists of a set of membranous compartments called cisternae.

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An organelle is a compartment inside the cell-often bounded by a membrane

that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function

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A prokaryotic flagellum (plural

flagella) is assembled from many different proteins at the cell surface of certain species

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A fimbria (plural

fimbriae) is a needle-like projection that extends from the plasma membrane of some bacteria and promotes attachment to other cells or surfaces

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The "Pulse"

Expose experimental cells to a high concentration of a modified amino acid for a short time

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The "Chase"

End the pulse by washing away the modified amino acid and replacing it with the normal version of the same molecule

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The eukaryotic flagellum is closely related to a structure called the cilium (plural

cilia), which is a short, hairlike projection that is also found in some eukaryotic cells