Chapter 7- Inside the Cell

Ribosomes

are observed in all prokaryotic cells and are found throughout the cell interior.

Animal cells

contain organelles called lysosomes that function as recycling center.

Microtubules

have the largest diameter of the three cytoskeletal filaments.

Myosin

is a motor protein- a protein that converts the chemical energy in ATP into the kinetic energy of mechanical work, just as a cars motor converts the chemical energy in gasoline into spinning wheels.

Cytokinesis

" (cell- moving) "is 1e final stage in cell division when the cytoplasm is divided to form two cells.

inner membrane

The solution enclosed within the is called the mitochondrial matrix.

Golgi apparatus

Even though lysosomes are physically separated from the and the endoplasmic reticulum, these various organelles jointly form a key functional grouping referred to as the endomembrane system.

plasma membrane

In addition, the movement called cell crawling occurs when groups of actin filaments grow, causing bulges in the that extend and move the cell.

George Palade

and colleagues did pioneering research on the secretory pathway using a pulse chase experiment to track protein movement.

differential centrifugation

A technique called was particularly important because it allowed researchers to isolate particular cell components and analyze their chemical composition.

prokaryotic flagellum

A(n) (plural: flagella) is assembled from many different proteins at the cell surface of certain species.

exocytosis

When occurs, the vesicle membrane and plasma membrane make contact.

photosynthesis

Most algal and plant cells possess an organelle called the chloroplast, in which sunlight is converted to chemical energy during .

glyoxysomes

In the leaves of plants, specialized peroxisomes called are packed with enzymes that oxidize fatty acids to form a compound that can be used to store energy for the cell.

fungi

The cells of plants, , and certain other eukaryotes contain a prominent organelle called a vacuole.

Plasmids

contain genes but are physically independent of the cellular chromosome.

messenger

Molecules called RNAs (mRNA) carry the information required to manufacture proteins.

experimental cells

The "Pulse: "Expose to a high concentration of a modified amino acid for a short time.

Chase

The ": "End the pulse by washing away the modified amino acid and replacing it with the normal version of the same molecule.

Transmission

electron microscope, which passes a beam of electrons through extremely thin sections of cells to visualize their internal structure.

Cells

are also involved in recycling large structures and organelles that exist within the cytoplasm through a process called autophagy.

proton pumps

As continue to lower the early endosome's pH, it undergoes a series of processing steps that cause it to mature into a late endosome.

Nuclear lamins

, which make up the nuclear lamina layer.

endocytosis

As its name implies, receptor mediated is a sequence of events that begins when particles outside the cell bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.

prokaryotic chromosomes

While are in a loosely defined nucleoid region, eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed within a membrane bound compartment called the nucleus.

fimbria

A(n) (plural: fimbriae) is a needle- like projection that extends from the plasma membrane of some bacteria and promotes attachment to other cells or surfaces.

circular chromosome

The region of the cell where the is located is called the nucleoid.

unique double membrane structure

It is enclosed by a(n) called the nuclear envelope.

Cytoplasmic streaming

is the directed flow of cytosol and organelles that is often seen within plant and fungal cells.

polymers of sugar

Because carbohydrates are monomers, the addition of one or more carbohydrate groups is called glycosylation.

eukaryotic flagellum

The is closely related to a structure called the cilium (plural: cilia), which is a short, hairlike projection that is also found in some eukaryotic cells.

organelle

A(n) is a compartment inside the cell- often bounded by a membrane- that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function.

cytoskeleton

The is a dense and complex network of fibers that helps maintain cell shape by providing structural support.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The or smooth ER are parts of the ER that are free of ribosomes that appear smooth and even.

Golgi apparatus

The consists of a set of membranous compartments called cisternae.

An organelle is a compartment inside the cell-often bounded by a membrane

that contains enzymes or structures specialized for a particular function

A prokaryotic flagellum (plural

flagella) is assembled from many different proteins at the cell surface of certain species

A fimbria (plural

fimbriae) is a needle-like projection that extends from the plasma membrane of some bacteria and promotes attachment to other cells or surfaces

The "Pulse"

Expose experimental cells to a high concentration of a modified amino acid for a short time

The "Chase"

End the pulse by washing away the modified amino acid and replacing it with the normal version of the same molecule

The eukaryotic flagellum is closely related to a structure called the cilium (plural

cilia), which is a short, hairlike projection that is also found in some eukaryotic cells