Kinesiology Week 6: The Skeletal System (notes/detail portion)

Skeletal system functions:

Providing support protects internals allows movement produces blood cells stores fats/minerals

The two parts of the skeleton

The Axial and Appendicular

Axial Skeleton

made of the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae

Sutures

joints between skull bones

Sternum

a flat, dagger-shaped bone in the middle of your chest that protects the heart/lungs

ribs

thin, flat bones that form a protective cage around the upper organs.

Vertebrae

33 irregularly shaped bones in your spine

The subdivisions of the vertebrae

7 cerv., 12 thora., 5 lumbar (5 sacrum, 3 coccyx)

Appendicular skeleton

Bones that make up the upper and lower extremities, shoulder, and pelvis.

Upper appendicular skeleton

consists of the arm, forearm, and hand

arm

region between the shoulder and elbow

forearm

region between the elbow and wrist

Lower appendicular skeleton

consists of the thigh, leg, foot, and patella

Thigh

region between the hip and the knee

leg

region between the knee and the ankle

foot

consists of 26 bones of the ankle, the instep, and the toes

Patella

the kneecap; allows the knee to bend

Shoulder Girdle

Made of 4 bones: the 2 collarbones (clavicle) and the two shoulder blades (scapula)

Pelvic Girdle

made of 2 coxal bones separated into 3 parts- the Illium, the ischium, and the pubic.

The outer layer of the bone

made of compact bone

the 2nd layer of bone (in from the outer layer)

made of spongy bone that is less dense and filled with red bone marrow.

yellow bone marrow

a type of connective tissue that stores fat- can be found in some bones.

ossification

the process by which the bone is renewed, formed, and repaired

cartilage

a strong, flexible connective tissue that can act as a cushion between bones

ligament

a band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another

joints

ligaments attach to bones to create these

tendon

a fibrous cord that attaches muscles to the bone.

Long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide; they act as levers (humerus, femur)

short bones

cube-shaped bones that offer a circular range of motion (tarsals, carpals)

flat bones

flat-surfaced bones that protect organs (ribs)

irregular bones

no specific category; various uses (vertebrae)

Joints

points at which bones meet (articulate).

immovable joint

found in the skull- cannot move

hinge joint

found at the knee- one motion- out/back

ball-and-socket joint

found in the shoulder and hip

pivot joint

found in the neck- allows a range of motions

gliding joint

found in the wrist

Comminuted fracture

shattered into more than 2 pieces

oblique fracture

a fracture at an angle

transverse fracture

a fracture that is straight across a bone

Stress (hairline) fracture

a small crack in the bone that usually happens from overuse or purring repetitive strain on bones

closed (simple) fracture

Two ends of the broken bone stay beneath the surface of the skin

open (compound) fracture

piece of the broken bone breaks through the skin

dislocation

a joint is out of its normal position

sprain

overstretched or torn ligaments or tendons

torn cartilage

serious damage to cartilage

bursitis

inflammation of bursa sac (cushion pad near a joint)

Scoliosis

abnormal curvature of the spine

Osteoperosis

a condition in which bones become weak and break easily

Arthritis

used to describe several different disorders that damage joints, cause pain, swelling, and restricted movement

Osteoarthritis

Usually occurs in older people; the cartilage covering bone ends inside the joint begins to degenerate, causing pain and swelling. Sites Include: cerv/lumb. vertebrae, shoulder, hip, base of thumb, end of knuckle, knee, base of big toe

Rheumatoid arthritis

can occur at any age, but usually at 40+ years; autoimmune form of arthritis. the immune system damages the body’s own joints. It can affect many different body systems. Sites Include: Shoulder, wrist, knuckle, knee, ankle, toes, balls of feet