CELLSBIOLOGY

Cell

The smallest unit of life and the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

All living things are made of one or more cells

They arise from pre existing cells

Basic unit of structure

Cell Theory

Compound Microscope

Uses lenses to magnify objects up to 2000×

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Used to study the internal structures of cells

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Used to examine the three-dimensional surface structures of objects

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell without a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Plant Cell

A eukaryotic cell with a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole

Animal Cell

A eukaryotic cell without a cell wall and with centrioles and small vacuoles

Bacterial Cell

A prokaryotic cell with no nucleus, circular DNA, and no membrane-bound organelles

Plasma Membrane

Protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves it

Cell Wall

Provides rigid support and protection

Cytoplasm

Gel-like material that holds organelles and is the site of many cellular activities

Nuclear Envelope

Surrounds and protects the nucleus and regulates movement into and out of it

Nuclear Pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate transport of materials

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that stores DNA

Nucleolus

Produces the components needed to make ribosomes

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Synthesizes and processes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Produces lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies harmful substances

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins and other materials

Vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within or outside the cell

Vacuoles

Store water, nutrients, and waste materials

Lysosomes

Digest waste materials and recycle worn-out cell parts

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful chemicals using enzymes

Mitochondria

Produce ATP through cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Carry out photosynthesis

Plastids

Organelles involved in food production and storage in plant cells

Centrosome

Organizes microtubules during cell division

Centrioles

Help organize cell division and form structures for movement

Cytoskeleton

Maintains cell shape, provides support, and helps with movement

Cilia

Hair-like structures that move the cell or move substances across the cell surface

Flagella

Whip-like structures that provide cell movement

Cell Surface Junctions

Connect neighboring cells and allow communication between them

Microfilaments

Thin protein fibers that maintain cell shape and aid in movement and cell division

Microtubules

Hollow protein tubes that support the cell, transport materials, and separate chromosomes during cell division

Nucleoid

Region where the cell's DNA is located

Plasmid

Small circular DNA carrying additional genetic information

Pili

Hair-like structures involved in DNA transfer and attachment

Capsule

Protective outer covering surrounding the cell

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Hereditary material that carries genetic information

Chromosomes

Structures containing DNA and proteins that carry genetic information

Chromatin

Uncoiled form of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes during cell divisio