"put a big star by this"

lexicon

The words of a given language; a language’s vocabulary.

grammar

The set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon.

phoneme

Sounds that are the basic unit of a given language; different languages have different sets. combining carious phonemes that make up a language.

morphemes

The smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning.

semantics

The process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words.

syntax

The way words are organized into sentences.

cooing

Universal stage of language development involving the reproduction of single letter sounds (phonemes).

babbling

Stage of language development where phonemes are combined into meaningful units.

one-word utterances

Stage of language development where single words convey thoughts, combining morphemes into words concerned with semantics. Known as holophrases.

two-word utterances

Combination of one-word utterances, emerging around 18-24 months, often called telegraphic speech.

basic adult language structure

Combining one and two-word utterances into complete sentences, emerges around 4-5 years.

multiple intelligences theory

The theory proposing that each person possesses at least 8 intelligences, formulated by Howard Gardner.

multiple intelligences theory - linguistic intellligence

Perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages.

Jobs - Journalist, novelist, poet, teacher

multiple intelligences theory - Logical-mathematical intelligence

Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic

Jobe - Scientist, mathmetician

multiple intelligences theory - musical intelligence

Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist

Jobs - composer, performer

multiple intelligences theory - Bodily kinesthetic intelligence

High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks

Jobs - Dancer, athlete, athletic coach, yoga instructor

multiple intelligences theory - Spatial intelligence

Ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space

Jobs - choreographer, sculptor, architect, aviator, sailor

multiple intelligences theory - Interpersonal intelligence

Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others

Jobs - Counselor, social worker, salesperson

multiple intelligences theory - Intrapersonal intelligence

Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals

Jobs - Key component of personal success over time

multiple intelligences theory - Naturalist intelligence

High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it

Jobs - Biologist, ecologist, environmentalist

Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory

abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy, general abilities at the top, broad in the middle, and narrow / specific at the bottom. most comprehensive theory of intelligence to date

Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory - narrow abilities

only ones that be directly measured, integrated within other abilities

Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory - broad abilities

general abilities like fluid reasoning, STM, and processing speed

theory of cognitive development

our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, which exemplifies the discontinuity approach to development.

as we progress to a new stage, there is a distinct shift in how we think and reason

secure attachment

A toddler prefers their parent over a stranger; the most common attachment style.

avoidant attachment

unresponsive to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, does not care when the parent leaves

resistant attachment

children tend to show clingy behavior, reject attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them. do not explore the toys, too fearful. became disturbed and angry with the parent. when parent returns, the children are difficult to comfort

disorganized attachment

they freeze, run around, or try to run away when the caregiver returns. most often in kids who have been abused

authoritative parenting

A style where parents give reasonable demands and express warmth and affection.

authoritarian parenting

A strict parenting style that values conformity and obedience, often lacking warmth.

permissive parenting

A style where parents make few demands and indulge their child's desires.

uninvolved parenting

A neglectful style where parents are indifferent and may provide for basic needs only.

Freudian slip

An unintentional error in speech believed to reveal unconscious thoughts or desires.

defense mechanisms

Unconscious protective behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety caused by conflicts between id and superego.

defense mechanism - denial

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

defense mechanism - Displacement

Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

defense mechanism - Projection

Attributing unacceptable desires to others

defense mechanism - Rationalization

Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

defense mechanism - Reaction Formation

Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

defense mechanism - Regression

Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

defense mechanism - Repression

Suppressing painful memories and thoughts

defense mechanism - Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Horney’s coping styles

Three styles of coping: moving toward people, against people, or away from people.

Horney - moving towards people

• relies on affiliation and dependence

• children become dependent on their parents and other caregivers in an effort to recieve attention and affection

  • provides relief from anxiety

Horney - moving against people

• relies on aggression and assertiveness

  • children find that fighting is the best way to deal with a unhappy home situation

• deal with their feelings of insecurity by bullying other children

Horney - moving away from people

• enters on detachment and isolation

• children handle their anxiety by withdrawing from the world

• need privacy, tend to be self-sufficient

self-regulation

The process of identifying goals and maximizing goal attainment through feedback.

self-regulation marshmallow test

kids who could wait 10 minutes have higher self-control

Big Five personality factors

Commonly referred to as the five factors of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN).

16PF

Cattell came up with an assessment on 16 factors / dimensions of personality scored on a continuum from high to low

16PF - warmth

low = reserved, detached

high = outgoing, supportive

16PF - intellect

low = concrete thinker

high = analytical

16PF - emotional stability

low = moody, irritable

high = stable, calm

16PF - aggressiveness

low = docile, submissive

high = controlling, dominant

16PF - liveliness

low = somber, prudent

high = adventurous, spontaneous

16PF - dutifulness

low = unreliable

high = conscientious

16PF - social assertiveness

low = shy, restrained

high = uninhibited, bold

16PF - sensitivity

low = tough-minded

high = sensitive, caring

16PF - paranoia

low = trusting

high = suspicious

16PF - abstractness

low = conventional

high = inaginative

16PF - introversion

low = open, straightforward

high = private, shrewd

16PF - anxiety

low = confident

high = apprehensive

16PF - openmindedness

low = close-minded, traditional

high = curious, experimental

16PF - independence

low = outgoing, social

high = self-sufficient

16PF - perfectionism

low = disorganized, casual

high = organized, precise

16PF - tension

low = relaxed

high = stressed

OCEAN

Mnemonic for the Big Five personality factors: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

5 factor model - openness to experience

imagination, feelings, actions, and ideas

high = curious with a wide range of interests

5 factor model - conscientiousness

competence, self discipline, thoughtfulness, and achievement-striving (goal-directed behavior)

high = hardworking, dependable

5 factor model - extroversion

sociability, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, and emotional expression

high = outgoing, warm

5 factor model - agreeableness

pleasent, cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured

low = rude, uncooperative

5 factor model - neuroticism

tendency to experience negative emotions

high = emotional instability, angry, hostile