1947 - 1967 British Empire

Period of imperial decolonisation

Leader of the Nationalist movement in Ghana

Kwame Nkrumah

Convention’s People's Party (CPP)

Ghanaian Political party winner - won 2/3 of Legislative Assembly seats in 1951

Leader of Nationalist Movement in Nigeria

Azikiwe

Reasons for violent progress towards independence in East Africa

• More urbanisation

• More population growth

• More Labour disputes

• More displacements of populations

Cost of Tanganyika Groundnut scheme

£49M

Mau Mau Uprising

1952 - 56

Why did the Mau Mau Uprising take place?

Which ethnic group did the Mau Mau uprising target?

Kikuyu

1960 - Sharpville, South Africa

Massacre of protesters by police

What was the Central African Federation?

political union including;

• Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)

• Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

• Nyasaland (Malawi)

When was the C.A.F. used by the British & what were their aims?

• 1953 - 63

• aimed to promote economic development & political stability amongst the 3 nations, but was met with resistance from nationalists

Territories led by Kenneth Kaunda and Dr Hastings Bantu

Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Winds of Change Speech - 1960

Macmillan; attempt to work with nationalists to manage transition & send message about the Black nationalism in South Africa

Decolonization of Sudan

• gained independence 1956

• influenced by demand for self-governance, impact of WWII & formation of political organisations advocating independence

• Post independence, faced numerous challenges of division between ethnic and religious groups - causing civil war

Decolonization of Jamaica

• gained independence in 1962

• independence movement marked by significant social & political changes; est. of PNP and JLP

• post independence, they faced challenges to economic development

Decolonization of Trinidad and Tobago

• August 31 1962

• independence movement includes the rise of prominent political figures, like Eric Williams (PNM)

• post independence faced challenges with political stability and ethnic tensions

Decolonization of Cyprus

• 1960

Decolonization of Sierra Leone

• 1961

Decolonization of Tanzania

• 1961

Decolonization of Gambia

• 1965

Decolonization of Barbados

• 1966

Decolonization of Aden

• 1967

When was Empire and Commonwealth extremely important?

Until the 1960s

Why was the Empire and Commonwealth so important?

Provided Britain with food and raw materials at a time when their reserves of foreign exchange were limited

What did Britain having limited reserves of foreign exchange mean?

They were unable to source imports from many other parts of the world

In 1956

what percent of all overseas investments in the UK were in Empire companies and governments?

Why did the European economy recover so quickly following WWII?

US Marshall Aid

When was the EEC founded?

1957

What did Britain set. up as a rival to the EEC?

EFTA

When did Britain apply to join the EEC?

1963 and 1967

What was the Sterling devaluation?

It lowered the exchange rate between the pound and the dollar

When was the Sterling devaluation?

1967

What did the Sterling devaluation destroy?

The Sterling Area

Why did the Sterling devaluation destroy the Sterling Area?

It weakened international faith in the value of the sterling

Who was the main supplier of goods in the post-war era?

USA

What did Britain prioritise in order to build up foreign exchange reserves?

British industrial production for export rather than domestic markets

When was the Colonial Development Corporation set up?

1948

What was the Colonial Development Corporation renamed to?

Commonwealth Development Corporation in 1963

When was the Tanganyika Groundnuts Scheme launched?

1948

Why was the Tanganyika Groundnuts scheme a failure?

the fertility of the soil

How many countries were part of the EEC?

6

Who was the dominating power in the EEC?

France

What did the EEC establish?

Free trade for the members

Tariffs for non members

European exports increases

Britain's exports increased by 30%

France's exports increased by 70%

Germany's exports increased by 90%

Why did the EFTA not work?

It wasn't as robust to ensure free trade

Why did France refuse to allow Britain to join the EEC?

• Britain's dependency on America and the Commonwealth

• Didn't want to America to be pulled into European politics

• Britain's farms would outperform France's

• De Gaulle wanted France to be the only dominating power; didn't want to relinquish any power

Size of the Commonwealth

800 million

Size of the EEC

165 million

Why did Britain not join the EEC?

• Didn't want to upset relation with the USA

• Didn't want to anger the commonwealth if they abandoned

• Wanted to be in control of their own economy

key reasons for decolonisation

-N ationalism

-E urope (new focus of trade/ relations)

-S econd ww (impact on economy/attitudes)

-S uperpower relations

-C olonies (individual issues within them)

reasons for growing nationalism in africa

-colonies utilized for troops/ resources during war

-due to reliance on empire

did little on independence promises

-by economically developing colonies

they in turn politically developed (independence demands)

nationalism in the gold coast

-46 burns const. est. leg. assembly (power w brits)

-49 nkrumah est cpp which in '51 one 2/3 of leg assembly seats (brits forced to bring into power)

-'57 country became fully independent as ghana and nkrumah given pm position

nationalism in nigeria

-'46 richards const. created a leg. assembly alongside 3 (e

-'51 macpherson const. enlarged franchise (more competition between parties)

-'60 due to nationlism

nigeria gains full independence

ethnic tensions in nigeria

-'46 richards const. est. 3 assemblies (islamic hausa-fulani in north

-'51 macpherson const. extended franchise (more competition= greater tensions)

-these became separately self governing from '57

-'60 nigeria becomes independent (tensions grow)

-'67 biafran war begins

est. 1mil casualties

investment in east africa

-'46 tanganiyka ground nut scheme: £49m invested machinery to grow exports

-'51 abandoned as a failure

-however the land redistribution left native tribes (kikuyu) in resourceless reservations

-nationalism led to mau mau uprisings

mau mau uprising

-rebellion led by kikuyu against british

-after failed concessions

resistance became violent as kenyans began attacks on infrastructure and europeans

-oct '52 state of emergency declared (11k= kenyans killed) (awful treatment- hola camp)(cost b £55m)

outcome of mau mau uprising

-britain lose all moral authority

-'61 tanganika made independent (tanzania)

-'62 uganada made independent

-'63 kenya made independent

nationalism in south africa

-'31 s.o.w made s.a independent under white rule (10% white population owned 80% land)

-'48 afrikaner nationalist party took over

implemented policy of apartheid ('51 bantu act est. separate homelands)

-african national congress opposed apartheid- anp respond brutally ('60 sharpville protest

69 killed)

-'61 s.a vote to become republic- leave commonwealth

malayan political parties

-united.malays.national.org led by onn bin ja'far

(cooperate w brits due to willingness to combat millitant nationalists (mainly mcp))

-malayan communist party (chin peng)

-malay chinese association (tan check lock)

(cooperate w umno to gain independence)

ethnic tensions in malaya

-umno defend malay rights

-chinese civil war increases chinese migration increasing tensions ('57 chinese= 45% population)

-'49 'malay nationality' tightens nationality policy- discriminates against chinese

-'55 umno and mca form alliance to secure independence