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What is Dinitrophenol (DNP) primarily studied for?
Its effects on metabolism, particularly its influence on cellular respiration.
What role do mitochondria play in cellular respiration?
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
What occurs in the citric acid cycle?
The citric acid cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, generating NADH and FADH2.
How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP (or GTP) molecules.
What is the function of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
They donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) to power the pumping of protons.
What effect does DNP have on the proton gradient?
DNP disrupts the proton gradient essential for ATP production by allowing protons to bypass ATP synthase.
What happens when ATP production is uncoupled by DNP?
Cells oxidize more glucose to meet energy needs, increasing metabolic activity and generating heat.
What are the consequences of increased body temperature due to DNP?
Denaturation of cellular proteins, causing cell death and potential systemic failure.
How does DNP affect glucose and fat metabolism?
It increases glucose oxidation and elevates fat utilization due to reduced ATP efficiency.
Why is DNP considered dangerous for therapeutic use?
Its ability to increase metabolism leads to fatal hyperthermia and systemic failure.
What is cellular respiration?
A metabolic process that converts sugar into energy in the form of ATP.
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.
What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm of the cell.
What is the primary output of glycolysis?
Two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
What are the products of the citric acid cycle?
CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP.
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
Up to 38 ATP molecules under optimal conditions.
What is the significance of proton gradients in ATP production?
They drive the synthesis of ATP through ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation.
