VTNE chp1

animal anatomy and physiology

Anatomy

the science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts

physiology

the science of how the body functions

what are the two types a cell can be

prokaryote or eukaryote

what type of cell are all bacteria?

prokaryotes

prokaryote

a cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

eukaryote

a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles

what cells are all multicellular organisms composed of

eukaryotic cells

what are the three major parts of eukaryotic cells

membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

purpose of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)

separates the cell from its external environment

solute

a substance that can be dissolved

solvent

a substance that does the dissolving

solution

when the solute has dissolved and is no longer

what are some types of passive processes?

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

passive process

no energy is expended by the cell

diffusion

movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

facilitated diffusion

diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins

osmosis

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration (high solvent) to a region of high solute concentration (low solvent)

osmotic pressure

the amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of water across the membrane

filtration

Substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure; small solutes will pass through; larger molecules will not

what type of passive process does glucose use to enter cells?

facilitated diffusion

what passive process is important in kidney function?

filtration

active process

energy is expended by the cell

what are the types of active processes?

endocytosis, exocytosis, active transport

endocytosis

materials are taken into the cell

what are the three types of endocytosis?

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated

phagocytosis

(“cell eating”): cell membrane extends around solid particles

pinocytosis (bulk-phase)

(“cell drinking”): cell membrane extends around fluid droplets

receptor mediated

Specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell

what type of endocytosis do enzymes, insulin, hormones, iron and cholesterol use to enter the cell?

receptor mediated

exocytosis

materials are expelled by a cell

what is the purpose of exocytosis?

waste products are excreted and useful products are secreted into the extracellular space

what active process is used by hormones, neurotransmitters, and mucus to be released from cells?

exocytosis

active transport

Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration with the aid of carrier proteins

active transport and facilitated diffusion are

opposites of each other

what is a form of active transport?

Sodium-potassium pump is an active transport pump within cell membranes; most ions and amino acids move into cells by this method

hypotonic

extracellular fluid is less concentrated than the intracellular fluid

hypertonic

extracellular fluid is more concentrated than the intracellular fluid

isotonic

concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal

Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution will gain water through osmosis and __ 

burst (hemolysis)

Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water through osmosis and __

crenate (shrivel)

Red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution will __

remain unchanged because osmotic pressures are equal

tissue

groups of similar cells with related functions

what are the four primary types of tissue?

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

epithelial tissue

covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms the active part of glands

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

protection, secretion, excretion, filtration, absorption of nutrients, and receipt of sensory information

epithelial tissue can form which two types of tissue

simple (one cell layer) or stratified (more than one cell layer) tissue

what are the 6 subtypes of epithelial tissue?

1. squamous epithelium (simple or stratified)

2. cuboidal epithelium (simple or stratified)

3. columnar epithelium (simple columnar epithelial tissue, simple columnar epithelial tissue with cilia, stratified columnar epithelial tissue)

4. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

5. transitional epithelium

6. glandular epithelium (endocrine and exocrine)

what three elements are connective tissue composed of?

cells, fibers, and matrix (ground substance)

what are the functions of connective tissue?

Has a variety of functions depending on tissue type

(connects and supports, protects, insulates, transports fluids, and stores energy)

what are the three fiber types that are in connective tissues?

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

collagen fibers

white, long, straight, very strong, composed of collagen

elastic fibers

yellow, long, thin, branching, stretchable fibers composed of elastin

suffix for immature and active cells

-blast

suffix for mature cells

-cyte

suffix for cells that break substances down

-clast

what two categories are connective tissue divided into?

proper and specialized (each has their own subtypes)

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac

skeletal (striated) muscle tissue has ___ control

voluntary

skeletal (striated) muscle tissue

attach to and move bones

smooth muscle tissue has __ control

involuntary

smooth muscle tissue

found in walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, etc.)

cardiac muscle tissue has __ control

involuntary

cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the __

heart (myocardium)

what is the main purpose of nervous tissue?

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses

what are the main locations of nervous tissue?

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

what are the two major cell types in nervous tissue?

neurons and neuroglial (glial)

which out of neurons and neuroglial cells conducts impulses?

neurons

membranes

are made up of more than one tissue, which is usually a type of epithelial tissue attached to a type of connective tissue

what are the three types of membranes?

mucous membranes (mucosae)

serous membranes (serosa)

cutaneous membranes (integument or skin)

mucous membranes (muscosae)

membranes that line hollow organs and connect to the exterior

function of mucous membranes

they are adapted to absorb and secrete; normally secrete mucus, which lubricates both the respiratory and digestive pathways

why is the color of mucous membranes important?

the color is used to evaluate many conditions in animals

serous membranes (serosa)

membranes that line body cavities but do not connect to the exterior

what is the function of serous membranes (serosa)?

they secrete a thin, watery fluid (serous fluid) which reduces friction between parietal (inner wall of the body cavity) and visceral (surrounds organ) surfaces

the serous membranes make up the parietal and visceral surfaces

how are serous membranes named?

according to their location and organ

parietal peritoneum

serosa that lines the abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

serosa that lines abdominal organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver

parietal pericardium

serosa that lines the cavity where the heart sits

visceral pericardium

serosa that lines the heart itself (aka epicardium)

parietal pleura

serosa that lines the inside of the chest cavity including the ribs and diaphragm

visceral pleura

serosa layer directly covering the lungs

Cutaneous membranes (integument or skin)

it is exposed to the environment, it provides durability, protection, and waterproofing

cranial

toward the head

rostral

toward the nose (used to describe structures on the head)

caudal

toward the tail

dorsal

toward the backbone

ventral

away from the backbone (toward the belly)

medial

closest to the median plane

lateral

farthest from the medial plane

proximal

the point closest to the backbone; used especially in reference to limbs

distal

the point farthest from the backbone; used especially in reference to limbs

anterior

toward the head; used especially in reference to limbs

posterior

toward the tail; used especially in reference to limbs

palmar

bottom of the front foot

plantar

bottom of the rear foot

superficial

toward the outer surface of the animal

deep

away from the outer surface of the animal

osteology

study of bones

what are the two skeletal divisions?

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

axial skeleton

bones found on the midline or attached to it (excludes the limbs)

For example: ribs, skull, vertebral column, and sternum