English 25.09.26

Gerund (-ing) Rule

Used when the verb acts as a noun, after prepositions, and after specific verbs (e.g., enjoy travelling).

Infinitive (to + Verb) Rule

Used after certain verbs, after adjectives, and to state purpose/intention (e.g., decided to visit).

Preposition + Verb Rule

Always followed by the Gerund / -ing form (e.g., interested in learning, good at swimming).

Verbs always + Gerund

enjoy, avoid, mind, suggest, finish, practise, keep

Verbs always + Infinitive

decide, hope, plan, promise, offer, want, agree

stop doing vs. stop to do

stop doing = with an activity stop (He stopped smoking) | stop to do = stop in order to do something else (He stopped to ask directions)

remember doing vs. remember to do

remember doing = recall a past event (remember seeing a kangaroo) | remember to do = remember to do a task (remember to bring sunscreen)

can (Replacement & Past)

Replacement: be able to | Past: was/were able to

must (Replacement & Past)

Replacement: have to | Past: had to

may / can (Permission Replacement)

Replacement: be allowed to | Past: was/were allowed to

mustn't (Meaning & Replacement)

Meaning: Prohibition / Verbot | Replacement: not be allowed to

needn't (Meaning & Replacement)

Meaning: Not necessary / nicht müssen | Replacement: don't have to

should (Replacement Form)

Replacement: ought to

Difference: mustn't vs. don't have to

mustn't = forbidden (You mustn't go) | don't have to = optional/not necessary (You don't have to go)

Article Structure

1. Catchy Headline, 2. Introduction / Hook, 3. Main Body (2–3 paragraphs), 4. Conclusion

Catchy Headline Example

Outback Adventure: Lost in the Red Heart of Australia?

Article Introduction Phrases

Have you ever wondered what it feels like to…? / Imagine standing in front of…

Article Main Body Connectors

Furthermore, However, On the one hand… on the other hand, In addition, Surprisingly

Article Conclusion Phrases

All in all, … / So, what are you waiting for? / It is definitely an experience you won't forget.

the Outback / the bush

Remote, sparsely populated inland regions of Australia.

Indigenous Australians / Aboriginal people

Native people of Australia whose history goes back over 60,000 years.

Great Barrier Reef

World's largest coral reef system, threatened by climate change and coral bleaching.

marsupials

Mammals with pouches (e.g., kangaroos, koalas, wombats).

venomous snakes / spiders

Poisonous species common in Australia.

droughts

Extended periods of dry weather / lack of rain.

bushfires

Wildfires that spread rapidly in extreme heat.

Skimming

Reading headlines and first/last sentences quickly to grasp the main topic and text structure.

Scanning

Searching specifically for numbers, names, dates, or keywords.

Signal words

Words like 'but', 'however', 'unexpected', 'the main reason is' that highlight key contrasts or facts.

Context Strategy

Inferring the meaning of unknown words from the surrounding text/audio without stopping.