geo exam 1

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48 Terms

1
Environmental Geology
The interaction between human activities and geological processes.
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2
Impact of Increasing Human Population on Sustainability
The human population is the primary challenge for sustainability.
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3
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to research involving observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and analysis.
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4
Hypothesis vs Theory
A hypothesis is a prediction or educated guess, whereas a theory is a well-supported explanation based on extensive evidence.
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5
Big Bang Theory Evidence
Expansion of the universe and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
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6
Nebular Theory
The theory explaining the formation of the solar system from a collapsing cloud of dust and gas.
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7
Deep Time
A concept signifying the vast time scale covering Earth's history.
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8
History of Life on Earth
Life began with single-celled organisms approximately 3.5 billion years ago, followed by multicellular life, dinosaurs, and humans.
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9
Earth's Interior Layers
Crust (low density, thin), Mantle (high density, thick), Core (metal, thick, two layers).
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10
Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere vs Lower Mantle
Lithosphere is solid and rigid, asthenosphere is solid and ductile, lower mantle is solid and hot.
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11
Inner Core vs Outer Core
Inner core is solid metal, while outer core is liquid metal.
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12
Seismology
The study of seismic waves used to map Earth's internal structure.
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13
Meteorites, Volcanic Rocks, Earth's Magnetic Field
Meteorites are remnants from the solar system's formation; volcanic rocks sample the mantle; Earth's magnetic field results from movements in the outer core.
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14
Continental Drift
The movement of continents, initially proposed by Alfred Wegner, supported by fossil evidence and geological similarities.
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15
Seafloor Mapping Contributions
Sonar mapping showed patterns in seafloor topography; paleomagnetism indicated magnetic history supporting continental drift.
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16
Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
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17
Characteristics of Divergent Boundaries
Seafloor spreading, lithosphere thinning, young ocean crust, earthquakes, volcanic activity.
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18
Characteristics of Convergent Boundaries
Subduction zones, volcanic arcs, shallow and deep earthquakes, deep ocean trenches.
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19
Characteristics of Transform Boundaries
Shallow earthquakes, land ruptures, and river channel formations.
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20
Driving Forces of Plate Motion
Mantle convection, ridge push, and slab pull.
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21
Defining Characteristics of a Mineral
Naturally occurring, solid, inorganic, definite chemical composition, crystalline structure.
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22
Physical Properties of Minerals
Includes color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, magnetism, specific gravity, and reaction to HCl.
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23
Element vs Isotope
Isotopes have the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
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24
Types of Mineral Bonds
Covalent, ionic, metallic, and van der Waals bonds.
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25
Mineral Characteristics and Classification
Mineral characteristics depend on their chemical structure and bonding.
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26
Common Rock-Forming Mineral Groups
Silicates, carbonates, oxides, and native elements.
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27
Ways Minerals Form
Through hydrothermal processes, precipitation from water/gas, solidification from magma, and solid state diffusion.
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28
Definition of a Rock
A solid aggregate of one or more minerals.
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29
Formation of Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma or lava.
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30
Sedimentary Rock Formation
Form through sediment accumulation at Earth's surface.
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31
Metamorphic Rock Formation
Formed from pre-existing rocks altered by heat, pressure, or fluid.
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32
Rock Cycle
The cycle through which rocks transform between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms.
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33
Intrusive vs Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Intrusive rocks form inside Earth, while extrusive rocks form outside.
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34
Clastic vs Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic rocks consist of fragments of other rocks; biochemical rocks form from biological processes.
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35
Foliated vs Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated rocks exhibit layers, while non-foliated rocks do not.
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36
Ways Rocks Melt to Form Magma
Decompression, heat transfer, and addition of water change melting conditions.
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37
Magma Composition Variability
Magma composition varies due to original materials and processes like assimilation and mixing.
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38
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Describes the order of mineral crystallization from cooling magma.
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39
Fractional Crystallization
The process by which denser crystallized minerals sink in a magma chamber.
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40
Steps of Sedimentary Rock Formation
Weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, lithification.
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41
Physical Weathering
Breakdown of rocks through physical forces without changing chemical composition.
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42
Chemical Weathering
Breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions.
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43
Transportation Effects on Sediment
The longer sediment travels, the rounder and smaller it becomes.
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44
Depositional Environment Characteristics
Low-energy environments lead to small sediment grains.
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45
Biochemical Sediment Formation
Forms through evaporation and precipitation processes.
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46
How Metamorphism Changes Rocks
Metamorphism alters texture and structure through heat, pressure, and fluids.
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47
Protolith
The original rock from which metamorphic rock forms.
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48
Types of Metamorphism
Contact, regional, hydrothermal, and burial metamorphism, each with different causes and effects.
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