Cell Molecular Biology - Macromolecules

4 Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Polysaccharides are made of_____

Sugars

Fats, Lipids, Membranes are made of______

Fatty Acids

Proteins are made of _______

Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) are made of ______

Nucleotides

transcription

RNA synthesis, making RNA from DNA

translation

Protein synthesis, making proteins from RNA

Water takes up ____% of a bacteria cell

70

Chemicals make up _____% of a bacteria cell

30

Macromolecules make up ____% of a cell

26

DNA makes up ____% of a cell

1

Phospholipids make up ____% of a cell

2

Polysaccharides make up ____% of a cell

2

Proteins make up ____% of a cell

15

RNA makes up ____% of a cell

6

C=O

Carbonyl Group

Hydroxyl Group

An OH bond

R Group

Carbon chain

Aldehyde Group

A Carbonyl Carbon bonded to at least one hydrogen atom and one R group (carbon chain).

This monosaccharide is a ____. Because it contains a _____ group.

Aldoses, aldehyde

Ketone Group

A Carbonyl Carbon bonded to two R groups (Carbon chains)

This monosaccharide is a ____. Because it contains a _____ group.

Ketoses, Ketone

Trioses

A monosaccharide with a 3 Carbon chain

Pentoses

A monosaccharide with a 5 Carbon chain

Hexoses

A monosaccharide with a 6 carbon chain

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar

Structural Isomers

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different bond conductivity

Steroisomers

Isomers with the same bond conductivity (bonded in the same order) but differ in 3-D shape.

Ring Formation

The configuaration of ar ing aldehyde or ketone grou react with

Structual Formula

Flat configuration of atoms in a molecule

Structural Formula

Chair Configuration

The 3-D configuration of the atom of a molecule

Chair Configuration

Sugar derivatives

A chemically modified sugar molecule where a hydroxyl group is replaced by another functional group.

Examples of Sugar derivatives

Glucosamine, Glucuronic acid, N-acetylglucosamine

Glucosamine

A sugar derivative with an amine group on C#2

Glucuronic Acid

Sugar derivative with a carboxyl group

N-acetylglucosamine

A sugar derivative that is the building block of chitin.

Polymerization

The formation of a disaccharide by combining two monosaccharides and expelling H₂O. Also known as a Condensation and Dehydration reaction.

Hydrolysis

The separation of a disaccharide into two Monosaccharides with the addition of H2O.

α and β links

The position of a hydroxyl group

α hydroxyl

When a hydroxyl group is facing downward

β hydroxyl

When a hydroxyl group is facing upward

β hydroxyl

α hydroxyl

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose

Lactose

Galactose + Glucose

Oligosaccharide

A chain of 3-50

Polysaccharide

A chain >50

Chondroitin Sulfate

Structural component of cartilage; helps with wound repair and fibrosis in the skin. Found in bones.

Dermatan Sulfate

Structural component of cartilage; helps with wound repair and fibrosis in the skin. Found in the skin.

Where are D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine found?

Chondroitin (or dermatan) sulfate

Glycoprotein

A combination of proteins and sugar. It is located on the transmembrane.(surface markers) It helps with lubrication & Protection, cell identification, and cell communication.

In a glycoprotein mucin helps with _____and ______

Lubrication, protection

CD44 (a glycoprotein) helps with ______ by being a stem cell marker

Cell identification

A glycoprotein on neutrophil helps with _____

cell communication

Proteoglycan

A combination of proteins and sugar. Some are on cell membrane, mostly for structural functions

Glycolipids

Component of the cell membrane. For cell recognition and other unknown functions.

Mono and di-saccharides are _____

direct energy sources

Glycogen and starch (polymers of glucose) are _____

energy storage

Cellulose

An unbranched polymer of glucose that provides structure for the plant’s cell wall.

Function of β-glucan (fungi/mushrooms)?

Enhance White Blood Cell Function