Body Systems - Tissue Types Test Full Review

What does plasma membrane consist of?

Double phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Microvilli

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

Tight junctions

binds cells together into leak proof sheets

Desmosomes`

anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

Gap junctions

allows for communication between cells

What are the locations for epithelial tissues?

body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue

What are the functions for epithelial tissues?

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

Characteristics for epithelium

• Cells fit close together and form sheets

• Apical surface (top) and basal surface (bottom)

• Avascular

Basement membrane

the lower surface of the epithelium

Simple squamous

• single layer of flat cells

  • lines lungs and capillaries

Simple cuboidal

• single layer of cube-shaped cells

  • forms walls of kidneys and covers ovaries

Simple columnar

• single layer of tall cells

• often includes mucus-producing goblet cells

• lines digestive tract

Pseudostratified columnar

• single layer, but looks like double layer

• sometimes ciliated (in respiratory tract)

• functions in absorption or secretion

Stratified squamous

• cells at the apical surface are flattened

• found in skin, mouth, and esophagus

Stratified cuboidal and columnar

• Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Transitional epithelium

• Shape of cells depends on the amount of stretching

• Lines organs in urinary system

Endocrine gland

• ductless

• secretes hormones directly into blood vessels

Exocrine gland

• secretes through ducts

• includes sweat and oil glands

What are the functions of connective tissue?

• binds body tissues together

• supports the body

• provides protection

Extracellular matrix

non-living material that surrounds living cells

What are the two main substances of connective tissue?

ground substance (cells and gels) and fibers (fibers)

Ground substance

mostly water (gels)

Fibers (in connective tissue)

• collagen fibers - strongest

• elastic fibers

• reticular fibers - thinnest (interwoven framework)

Bone (osseous tissue)

• bone cells in lacunae (cavities)

• hard matrix of calcium salts

• large numbers of collagen fibers (strong)

• used to protect and support the body

Hyaline cartilage

• made of abundant collagen fibers and a rubbery matrix

• found in larynx and fetal skeleton prior to birth

Elastic cartilage

• provides elasticity

• found in external ear

Fibrocartilage

• highly compressible

• forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous)

• contains fibroblasts - cells that make fibers

• locations:

  • tendons - attach skeletal muscle to bone (REGULAR)

  • ligaments - attach bone to bone (REGULAR)

  • dermis - lower layers of skin (IRREGULAR)

  • elastic

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue

Areolar tissue

• looks like cobwebs

• functions as a packing tissue

• can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

Adipose tissue

• fat

• many cells contain large lipid deposits

• functions: insulates the body, protects some organs, serves as a site of fuel storage

Reticular connective tissue

• delicate network of interwoven fibers

• forms stroma of lymphoid organs

• found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

Blood/Vascular tissue

• blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called plasma

• functions as the transport vehicle for materials

What is the function of muscle tissue?

to produce movement

What are the 3 muscle tissue types?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal muscle

• voluntary control

• contracts to pull on bones or skin

• characteristics:

  • striated (regular lines)

  • multinucleate (multiple nuclei)

  • long, cylindrical fibers

Cardiac muscle

• under involuntary control

• found only in heart

• characteristics:

  • cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated discs)

  • striated (less regular lines/branches)

  • one nucleus per cell

Smooth muscle

• involuntary muscle

• found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, blood vessels

• characteristics:

  • no visible striations

  • one nucleus per cell

  • spindle-shaped cells

What is the function of nervous tissue?

to send impulses to other areas of the body

Things to remember for nervous tissue

irritability and conductivity