Unit 1.2 Cybersecurity

network topology

the arrangement of the various elements (computers, routers, switches, etc) of a network

LAN

A small local area network of computers and devices

service

a) a _____ can be a specific application or function such as email, chat, etc . b) a _____ can refer to a specific part of an application, such as transmitting the data of a web page 

Short message service (SMS)

real-time chats between individuals and groups of people (text messages)

image-sharing

sharing images in real time (instagram, snapchat)

streaming media services

a one-way service that continuously sends data (netflix, hulu)

internet telephony

talk over the internet to any PC equipped to receive calls (Skype, Facetime)

email source

send electronic messages over the internet (Gmail, YahooMail)

forums

Visit an online area to read and post topics to interest; can be anonymous (Nextdoor)

internet relay chat

real-time communication in a shared interface (a chatroom in SecondLife)

mailing lists

a group of users that share common interests, often through email (LISTSERV)

file transfer protocol (FTP)

transfer data files (downloads and uploads)

vulnerability

in cybersecurity terms, a vulnerability is a weakness in a system that allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access

virus

software that is spread by people, specifically user actions, usually through emails, websites, and chats. A virus infects your computer, causing a wide variety of problems

worm

similar to a virus except that a worm does not need a human to spread, rather it can rpelicate on its own to infect other comuters

backdoor

malicious software that bypasses the normal, secure, or restricted access

spyware

software that secretly collects information about you. It usually resides on a website or in a service such as your email program

trojan horse

a malicious program disguised as legitimate software. Users intentionally install a Trojan horse, thinking they are installing valid software.

adware

advertising software that can automatically download files or link to websites. It is often unasked-for and can contain malware

pop-up

a new dialog box that appears on your screen, sometimes with you requesting it.

operating system (OS)

Software that supports a computer’s basic functioning. Every general purpose computer has an operating system.

updates

Enhancements, improvements, and problem fixes for software.

firewall

Software that can stop malware from entering a network, computer, or device.

server

A computer shared by multiple users across a network. It usually contains resources such as files, computer applications, or large databases.

router

A network device that controls and filters data between networks, either wired or wireless. It is a specific type of "gateway", a device that acts as a gate between two networks.

protocol

An agreed-upon method for communication

port

A way for a computer to identify specific programs and manage their activity. In an IP addresses, the port appears after a colon at the end of the address such as :21, :80, and :443.

web server

A computer that delivers files forming web pages across a network to requesting clients.

HTTP

Hyper-text transfer protocol; the rules of communication that web sites use to exchange data.

encryption

A process that converts human-readable text or data into a coded from. It is usually used to protect data from being easily seen or accessed. To encrypt means to do the conversion.

log files

A file that contains an official record of activities that occur on a computer

antivirus

Software that runs on your computer, looking for many different types of malware from many different sources.

file

All data on a computer Data is stored in many different types of files

folder

A special kind of file that contains other files.

process

An application file that is currently executing (also called running) in the operating system.

database

A collection of files.

web page

An HTML file

zip file

A file that contains a collection of other files

encryption

A process that converts human-readable text or data into a coded from. It is usually used to protect data from being easily seen or accessed. To encrypt means to do the conversion.

wildcard

A special character that can represent one or more characters. The asterisk (*) wildcard can stand from many letters, numbers, or symbols

RAM

Random Access Memory, or RAM, stores data that is in use

environment variable

A value that can change depending on the environment in which a processes runs

process tree

A process tree is a representation of all running processes shown in a tree-like structure with parent and child processes forming the branches of the tree.

URL

The acronym for “Uniform Resource Locator”. The systematic way to find specific web addresses and web pages. A URL is composed of characters that contain information about where to locate a resource over the internet.

cookie

small text-based bits of information about your browser that a web saves

site certificate

A site certificate, also called a security certificate, is a small data file that is validated by a “certificate authority”. It allows an organization to have a secure website.