us history chap 9 and 10

Andrew Jackson

first president from the West; seventh president of the United States

William Henry Harrison

first Whig president and ninth president of the United States whose campaign slogan was "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!"

John C. Calhoun

vice president to John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson who wrote a pamphlet entitled South Carolina Exposition and Protest against the Tariff of 1828; later a senator who insisted that the South could only remain in the Union if there were a guarantee of the protection of slavery

Nat Turner

preacher and slave who stirred up a slave rebellion in Virginia that killed about 55 people, mostly women and children

Frederick Douglas

newspaperman and close ally of William Lloyd Garrison who published an abolitionist paper called The North Star

abolition

movement which sought the complete elimination of slavery and had the most profound effect on American history of all the reform movements of the 19th century

Indian Removal Act

legislation passed in 1830 that required Indigenous Americans living on lands east of the Mississippi River to move to lands further west

secession

a state breaking away from the Union

nullification doctrine

the idea that a state could nullify, or cancel, a federal law

Nicholas Biddle

director of the central bank who extended the power of the central bank and opened branch offices throughout the country

The Bank Wars

the political struggle in the 1830s between President Andrew Jackson and and the Second Bank of the United States

strict construction

strict interpretation; idea that the Constitution should be interpreted exactly as it was written

William Lloyd Garrison

radical abolitionist who published an abolitionist paper known as The Liberator

Henry Clay

Kentucky politician and leading War Hawk who proposed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850

Daniel Webster

greatest orator in Congress during the Jacksonian Era who is remembered for his Seventh of March Speech

Kitchen Cabinet

group of President Jackson's close friends who met with him informally, often in the White House kitchen, to discuss political strategy

Specie Circular

statement issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that all public lands be paid for in gold and silver

Trail of Tears

forced removal of the Cherokee to Oklahoma

Tariff of 1828

legislation that protected American-made goods from foreign competition and raised money for the federal government; called the Tariff of Abominations by southerners because it benefited the North at the expense of the South

spoils system

process of replacing government positions based on political alliance

Erie Canal

canal which linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie

Robert Fulton

inventor of the first successful steamboat in 1807

clipper ships

narrow hulled vessels that were the most graceful sailing crafts ever built that drastically cut travel time; America's greatest contribution to the history of sailing vessels

Nantucket Sleigh Ride

experience of being towed by a harpooned whale in a small boat, a dangerous practice during the 19th-century whaling industry on Nantucket Island

Mark Twain

pen name of Samuel Clemens; author who wrote many interesting and humorous stories such as Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

John Deere

inventor of the first steel plow

Samuel Morse

inventor of the telegraph

DeWitt Clinton

governor of New York who officially opened the Erie Canal

Elizabeth Blackwell

first female physician in the United States

Pony Express

reliable mail service lasting from April 1860 to October 1861 by which mail could be delivered from St. Joseph, Missouri, to San Francisco, California, in about ten days

Whig Party

political party consisting of former National Republicans and members of other political groups who were united only by their dislike of Andrew Jackson

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

treaty signed in 1842 in which Great Britain gave the United States more than half of the disputed territory between Maine and Canada and which settled the U.S.-Canadian eastern boundary around the Great Lakes region

New York City

took the lead as the commercial center of the nation

New Orleans

best-known city of French heritage in the United States; port city where pioneer and colonial farmers would ship their good; largest city in the South that rivalled New York City as a center of business during the 1800s; captured by Union forces, giving the North control of the Mississippi River during the Civil War