A&P 1 - Anatomical Organization, Body Systems & Regions

What are the 9 levels of biological organization (in order)?

1. Atoms and Elements

2. Molecules and Compounds

3. Macromolecules

4. Organelles

5. Cells

6. Tissues

7. Organs

8. Organ System

9. Organism

what is an atom and what are some examples?

Just ONE; the basic building block of matter.

• electron

• proton

• neutron

• nucleus

what is an element?

Pure but many atoms.

Molecules

Group of two or more of the SAME atoms chemically bonded together.

Compounds

a specific type of molecule made of two or more DIFFERENT elements.

What are the 4 major macromolecules?

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

What is the monomer (building block) of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the main functions of proteins?

Structure, enzymes, and transport

What are examples of proteins?

Hemoglobin and enzymes

What is the monomer of carbohydrates? what are they made of?

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

State the main functions of carbohydrates.

Quick energy, structure

Which molecules make up lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids

State the main functions of lipids.

Energy storage and insulation

Give examples of lipids.

Triglycerides, phospholipids

Nucleic acids are made of which monomers?

Nucleotides

Describe the main function of nucleic acids.

Store and transmit genetic information

Name the two main nucleic acids.

DNA and RNA

Organelles

Comprised of MANY macromolecules organized to make organized components within a cell.

Cells

The single smallest UNIT OF LIFE. Contains various organelles.

Which organelle controls the cell and contains DNA?

Nucleus

Which structure surrounds the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope

Which openings allow materials to enter and leave the nucleus?

Nuclear pores

Which structure inside the nucleus makes ribosomes?

Nucleolus

Which organelles make proteins?

Ribosomes

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle makes proteins for secretion or membranes?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

• ribosomes = rough

Which organelle makes lipids and helps detoxify substances?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

• no ribosomes

Which organelle produces most of the cell's ATP (energy)?

Mitochondria

Which organelle breaks down waste and old cell parts?

Lysosome

Which organelle breaks down fatty acids and harmful substances?

Peroxisome

Which structures help organize cell division?

Centrioles

Which structure organizes microtubules?

Centrosome

Which structures transport materials out of the cell?

Secretory vesicles

Which structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?

Cell membrane

Which fluid-like material fills the inside of the cell?

Cytoplasm

Which hair-like structure helps move the cell or move substances across its surface?

Cilium

Name the 4 basic functions all living things must perform.

Energy use, growth/repair, adaptation, reproduction

How do humans obtain and use energy?

Humans are heterotrophs; nutrients are used to produce ATP (energy).

Growth and repair allow the body to do what?

Grow, change, and repair damaged tissues.

Adaptation allows living things to do what?

Respond to environmental changes; responses may be temporary or permanent.

Why is reproduction important?

It ensures survival of the species, not the individual.

What is the study of cells called?

Cytology (“cyto” = cell)

Define tissue.

A group of similar cells + extracellular matrix that work together to perform a specific job.

Name the 4 types of tissue.

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Connective tissue

Supports, connects, and protects other tissues.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces, lines organs/cavities, and forms glands.

Muscle tissue

Contracts to produce movement.

Nervous tissue

Sends electrical signals for communication and control.

what is histology?

The study of tissues.

Organ

a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function.

Organ System

a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more bodily functions.

Integumentary system: major organs + function?

Organs: Skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands

Function: protection, defense, body temperature

Endocrine system: major organs + function?

Organs: Hormone-secreting glands (ex: thyroid)

Function: coordinates body functions

Reproductive system: major organs + function?

Organs: Ovaries/uterus or testes/penis + reproductive structures

Function: reproduction & fetal support (female).

Nervous system: major organs + function?

Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Function: detects and coordinates responses

Immune/Lymphatic system: major organs + function?

Organs: Lymphoid tissue, spleen, thymus, immune cells

Function: defense against pathogens & fluid balance

Cardiovascular system: major organs + function?

Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood

Function: moves blood throughout the body

Respiratory system: major organs + function?

Organs: Nasal passages, trachea, lungs

Function: O₂/CO₂ exchange

Urinary system: major organs + function?

Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Function: filters blood & removes waste

Musculoskeletal system: major organs + function?

Organs: Bones, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Function: movement, support/protection, blood cell formation

Digestive system: major organs + function?

Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines Function: breaks down food & absorbs nutrients

Define anatomical position.

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, feet forward, palms facing forward.

Identify the body position shown.

Anatomical position

otic

ear

cephalic

head

cranial

skull

frontal

forehead

facial

face

orbital/ocular

eye

buccal

cheek

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

acromial

shoulder

dorsal

back

Transverse Section (horizontal)

Divides body into upper and lower sections.

Coronal Section (frontal)

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

Sagittal (“lateral”) Section

Divides body into left and right sections.

Midsagittal Section

Divides body into left and right sections at the midline.

Oblique Section

“oblique” means that something is not parallel or a right angle. An easy way to remember this is to remember “obliques are odd angles”.

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline; toward the side

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head / above

Inferior (caudal)

Toward the feet / below

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the body surface

Deep

Farther from the body surface; more internal

The antecubital (front of elbow) region is _____ to the carpal (wrist) region.

Proximal

The patellar (kneecap) region is _____ to the femoral (thigh) region.

Distal

The patellar region is _____ to the tarsal (ankle) region.

Proximal

The nasal (nose) region is ___ to the buccal (cheek) regions.

Medial

The nasal region is ___ to the oral (mouth) region.

Superior

The popliteal (back of knee) region is ___ to the sural (calf) region.

Proximal

The popliteal region is ___ to the gluteal (buttock) region.

Distal

Which region is lateral to the sternal region and proximal to the brachial region?

Axillary (armpit)