Untitled Flashcards Set

bilabial

A place of articulation where both lips are used to articulate sounds, e.g. /m/, /b/.

dental

A place of articulation where the tip of the tongue and both upper and lower teeth are used, e.g. /θ/ as in 'thin', /ð/ as in 'this'.

labiodental

A place of articulation where the upper teeth and lower lip are used, e.g. /v/, /f/.

alveolar

A place of articulation where the tip or blade of the tongue comes into contact with the alveolar ridge, e.g. /n/, /s/, /z/.

palato-alveolar

A place of articulation where the tongue comes into contact with the back of the alveolar ridge, e.g. /ʃ/ as in 'ship', /ʒ/ as in 'leisure'.

palatal

A place of articulation where the tongue comes into contact with the hard palate, e.g. /j/ as in 'you'.

velar

A place of articulation where the back of the tongue comes into contact with the soft palate, e.g. /k/, /g/.

glottal

A place of articulation where airflow is obstructed in the glottis, e.g. /h/.

labial-velar

A sound made by simultaneous articulation at the lips (labial-) and the velum (soft part of the roof of the mouth, -velar), e.g. /w/.

plosive

A manner of articulation involving a complete stop or closure followed by an explosion of air, e.g. /b/, /p/.

nasal

A manner of articulation with a complete closure at some point in the mouth and lowering the soft palate so air escapes through the nasal cavity, e.g. /m/, /n/.

fricative

A manner of articulation where a narrowing between articulators creates friction as air passes, e.g. /f/, /z/.

affricate

A manner of articulation that begins like a plosive but transitions into a fricative upon release, e.g. /tʃ/, /dʒ/.

lateral

A manner of articulation where air passes around the side of the tongue, e.g. /l/.

approximant

A manner of articulation involving very little obstruction, sometimes referred to as semivowels, e.g. /w/, /j/.

universal grammar

The theory posited by Chomsky that children are born with innate knowledge that allows them to adopt any language.

usage-based theory

A theory by Tomasello stating that language is acquired through social interaction in conjunction with cognitive skills.

pre-linguistic Stage

characterized by the production of vowel-like sounds, typically occurring within the first few months of life.

Babbling Stage

Babbling typically begins around 6 months of age, involving the production of consonant-vowel syllables, such as 'ba', 'da', or 'ga'.

(Holophrastic Stage)

In this stage, children begin to produce single words, often nouns referring to familiar objects or people, typically starting around the first year of life.

Two-Word Stage

Starting around 18 months to 2 years, children begin to combine two words into simple phrases, such as 'Mommy juice' or 'Want toy'.

Telegraphic Stage

Children start using more complex grammatical structures and vocabulary, forming longer sentences and engaging in more elaborate conversations, usually after the age of 2.

multi-word Stage

Children in the telegraphic stage of language development, around twenty-four to thirty months of age, communicate meaning by combining content words (words that possess meaning) while omitting grammatical function words.

(Critical Age Hypothesis)

suggests the ability to learn a new language like a native speaker is limited to a specific time in life, starting in early childhood and ending around puberty. During this time, the brain is more adaptable.