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bio class 10
Changes common in both bodies
Thick hair growing in parts of the body such as armpits and the genital area between the thighs, which can also become darker in colour.
Thinner hair can also appear on legs and arms, as well as on the face.
The skin frequently becomes oily and we might begin to develop pimples
Change in male’s body
Begin to have new thick hair growth on the face
Their voices begin to crack
The penis occasionally begins to become enlarged and erect, either in daydreams or at night.
Change in female’s body
breast size begins to increase
darkening of the skin of the nipples at the tips of the breast
begin to menstruate at around this time.
Puberty
When the rate of general body growth begins to slow down, reproductive tissues begin to mature.
Male reproductive system
Formation of germ-cells or sperms takes place in the testes.
Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum because sperm formation requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature
The sperms formed are delivered through the vas deferens which unites with a tube coming from the urinary bladder. The urethra thus forms a common passage for both the sperms and urine.
Along the path of the vas deferens, glands like the prostate and the seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms are now in a fluid which makes their transport easier and this fluid also provides nutrition.
The sperms are tiny bodies that consist of mainly genetic material and a long tail that helps them to move towards the female germ-cell.
Role of testes
Testes releases testosterone which brings about changes in appearance seen in boys at the time of puberty.
Regulating the formation of sperms
Female reproductive system
One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries.
The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct or fallopian tube.
The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus.
The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix.
Intercourse and female body
The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse.
They travel upwards and reach the oviduct where they may encounter the egg.
The fertilized egg (zygote) starts dividing and form a ball of cells or embryo. The embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus where they continue to grow and develop organs to become foetus.
Female’s body is designed to undertake the development of the child. Hence the uterus prepares itself every month to receive and nurture the growing embryo. The lining thickens and is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo
Mensturation
The ureter’s lining becomes thick and spongy every month to receive a fertilized egg. This would be required for nourishing the embryo if fertilization had taken place.
However, this lining is not needed any longer. So, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous.
This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known as menstruation. It usually lasts for about two to eight days.
STD
Bacterial infections such as
gonorrhoea and syphilis
Viral infections such as
warts and HIV-AIDS
Contraceptives (Mechanical)
Condoms on the penis or similar coverings worn in the vagina can serve this purpose.
Contraceptives (Oral)
These drugs commonly need to be taken orally as pills. These work by ensuring eggs are not released, so fertilization does not occur.
However, since they change hormonal balances, they can cause side-effects too.
Contraceptives (Surgery)
Copper-T or loop are placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Again, they can cause side effects due to irritation of the uterus.
If the vas deferens in the male is blocked, sperm transfer will be prevented.
If the fallopian tube in the female is blocked, the egg will not be able to reach the uterus.
Surgical methods can be used to create such blocks. They are safe in the long run, surgery itself can cause infections and other problems if not performed properly.
Surgery for unwanted pregnancies
These may be misused by people who do not want a particular child, as happens in illegal sex-selective abortion of female foetuses. For a healthy society, the female-male sex ratio must be maintained.
Because of reckless female foeticides, child sex ratio is declining at an alarming rate in some sections of our society, although prenatal sex determination has been prohibited by law
