US History Final-Tri 2

Homestead Act

Homestead Act

the government giving settlers moving west large plots of land

Clara barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Mostly used with African Americans

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union. this was also a period where there were many social and economic reforms.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Exodusters

the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US. the train transported people and goods across the country

Dawes Act

split up Native American tribes, 1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1912 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory. SIGNIFICANCE: led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Social Darwinsim

applied survival of the fittest to the social world. the citations that variations between ethnic or racial groups determine their ability to be rank socially, that some are inherently inferior to others and should be left out as a result of their own incompetence. SIGNIFICANCE: it was a "scientific" or educated justification for racism and could be, to some extent, used to support the idea of why some people are so rich or so poor

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Credit Mobiler

a fraudulent railroad finance company formed during America's Reconstruction period and used as a front for a profiteering scheme. Many politicians were involved in swindling money from federally funded railroad construction contracts.

Collective Bargaining

having one person bargain for the entire group of labor.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Gentlemen's Agreement

It called for U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to force San Francisco to repeal its Japanese-American school segregation order in exchange for Japan agreeing to deny emigration passports to Japanese laborers, while still allowing wives, children and parents of current immigrants to enter the United States

Political Machine

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. they would use threats to try and gain more votes to guarantee a certain party to win

Social Gospel Movement

-founded by Walter Rauschenbush-early reform program-salvation through service to the poor-center in NYC referred to as "Applied Christianity"-inspired followers to erect churches in poor communities and some business leaders to treat workers more fairly-led to the creation of the YMCA and the YWCA-led to the creation of the salvation army-too limited and it doesn't actually solve the problem

Settlement houses

-inspired by the social gospel-established community centers in neighborhoods that provided assistance and friendship-sponsored reading circles, promoted education and culture-settlement workers like Jane Addams andLilian Wald lived in the centers so they could learn what the problems were and help find solutions-sometimes seen as blaming people for being in their situation

row houses

single-family dwelling that shared side walls with other houses

Plessy vs. Ferguson

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

Graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism. Ran by Boss Tweed

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote "the Jungle" which describes the conditions of the meat packing. SIGNIFICANCE: it was directly related to both the Meat Inspection and the Pure Food and Drug Acts.

Muckrakers

writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business. SIGNIFICANCE: they exposed what large businesses were doing wrong and what habits they were using, like child labor and safety issues, that were wrong or unsanitary.

Bully Pulpit

the way that Roosevelt had the press around him at all times. he used the press to force congress to do what they wanted. he would put pressure on congress and the press is doing the same to congress. SIGNIFICANCE: the use of a prominent position to influence public opinion and bring about change.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs. SIGNIFICANCE: it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. SIGNIFICANCE: they aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races. the goal found little support in the Progressive Movement. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson didn't do much to advance the goal of racial equality.

Goals of the Progressive Movement

1. protect social welfare
2. promote moral improvement
3. create economic reform
4. foster efficiency

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages
SIGNIFICANCE: Alcohol was banned in the 1920s, so people would drink alcohol in speakeasies. it caused a lot of organized crime due to the fact that gangs wanted control over speakeasies.

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

Suffrage

the right of women to vote. SIGNIFICANCE: the 19th amendment was passed in 1919, so their fight for their right to vote was over.

Women workers

Women usually worked in industries, farms, and some worked in domestic fields. the women on the farms were usually from the South and the Midwest. they had their usual work around the house along with raising livestock, plowing the fields, and harvesting crops. women in the industries were usually in cities and towns. these jobs had better pay and more opportunities for women. the garment trade took up about half of all the industrial women workers. they usually got the least skilled positions and got about half the pay as their male counterparts.

Rooevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. if a foreign power were to attack anywhere in the Western Hemisphere, it would be considered a direct attack on the US. SIGNIFICANCE: stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. SIGNIFICANCE: the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. SIGNIFICANCE: ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western hemisphere and secured the position of the US as a Pacific power

Jose Marti

led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". the rebellion was aimed at ending foreign influence. Chinese people killed many missionaries that were trying to SIGNIFICANCE: sought to expel foreigners from China and end the system of foreign concessions and treaty ports

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. SIGNIFICANCE: It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity

Cause of WWI

1)Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 2)imperialism, 3)nationalism, 4)Alliance System, 5)militarism

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Immediate cause of WWI

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Weapons during WWI

tanks, machine guns, grenades, poisonous gas, artillary, airplanes

Why did the US enter WWI

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Zimmerman Telegram, Propaganda, Russian Revolution

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed by electric chair(1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs. SIGNIFICANCE: it revealed how xenophobic the government was.

Double standard

a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women. SIGNIFICANCE: It held women to a stricter standard of social behaviors that were not expected of men. For men being open about sexuality was okay but for women this was unheard of

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American. SIGNIFICANCE: they made a lot of these ethnic groups scared to even go out into their communities, because they could be accused of something that could get them killed.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally SIGNIFICANCE: prohibition was very prominent in the 1920s, and speakeasies were somewhere people went to drink, and not legally.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. SIGNIFICANCE: it created a new sense of self-determination and a new spirit. it also created a new social consciousness, and a new commitment to political activism.

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution (Darwinism). This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.
SIGNIFICANCE: it made people really think about the question of whether they believe in science or religion. it was also important because, to the rural communities, science seemed to threaten the deep roots of religion

Great Migration

Between 1910 and 1970 around 7 million African Americans left the South for the industrial cities of the North. SIGNIFICANCE: a factor leading to the American civil rights movement.

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashionSIGNIFICANCE: It pushed social, economic, and sexual barriers for women. it gave them more freedom to live their lives

Roaring Twenties

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies SIGNIFICNACE: a new age of thinking, technology, and rights for Americans.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.Progressivism Efforts-The New Freedom-included tariff, banking, and labor reforms and introduced the new income tax-The Clayton Antitrust Act did also specify that labor organizations had the right to exist and would no longer be subject to antitrust laws-Panama canal, started airmail service, and endorsed the creation of an interstate highway-he wanted to attack large concentrations of power to give more freedom to average citizens

Great Depression Causes

1)United State's stock market crash of 1929.
2)Big drop in the world's economy. 3)Overproduction of goods from World War I. 4)Decrease in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations

Great Depression Effects

- Many banks fail.
- Many businesses and factories fail.
- Millions of Americans are out of work.
- Many are homeless and hungry.
- Families break up and people suffer

Native american life and culture

Values: family, food, animals, god. when they would kill an animal they would try to use every part of it. the fur for clothes, the meat for food, the bones for structuring homes and weapons. they valued their ancestors. their stories were told orally and they believe that the world was given to them by their leader/ancestors.

North Advantages/goals (civil war)

To keep the United States together/Preserve the union. After Emancipation proclamation-Fighting for slaves right to be free. more men willing to fight for the well being of the country

Massacre and Wounded Knee

the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them. there needs to be a balance between managing and using the resources. preservation was not realistic anymore because we need to protect the things that are unique, and manage the things that are common.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Battle of Gettysburg

Most disastrous event of the war in history of US
50K died from North and South

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. a large dust storm went over the mid-west/south

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world orginization/League of Nations.

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

1920s leisure activities

Dancing, watching Tv, going to movies, drinking, watching/playing sports

South Advantages/goals

leave the union and be left alone. After Emancipation Proclamation-Fighting pro-slavery. more people willing to fight, more weapons, experienced war vets

buying stock on margin

investors are borrowing money from their broker to purchase stock shares. The margin loan increases buying power, allowing investors to buy more shares than they would have been able to, using only their cash balance.

Black Tueday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Herbert Hover

Most blamed by Americans for the economic hard times that developed in the 1930s. believed federal government should have a limited role in business affairs

Unemployment during Great Depression

25% as more people became unemployed the demand for food decreased which led to more workers getting laid off

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

works progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

National industrial Recovery Act

permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

New Deal Coalition

coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

Women's Suffrage

the right of women to vote.