Engleză juridică - Course Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering all core legal units including Criminal Law, Commercial Law, Real Property Law, Litigation and Arbitration, Competition Law, Employment Law, Sale of Goods, Intellectual Property, and Tort Law.

Criminal law

Area of law concerning the prosecution of a person by the state for committing offences or crimes.

Actus reus

The physical act or prohibited conduct involved in committing a crime.

Mens rea

The criminal intent or state of mind accompanying a prohibited act.

Felony

A serious criminal offence, such as rape or murder, carrying severe penalties.

Misdemeanor

A minor or less serious criminal offence, such as petty theft.

Parole

The release of a prisoner before their sentence is completed, subject to specific conditions of good behavior.

Probation

A court-ordered period of supervision in the community granted to an offender instead of serving time in prison.

Community service

Unpaid work performed for the benefit of the community, imposed as an alternative sentence to imprisonment.

Burden of proof

The legal duty in criminal cases requiring the prosecution to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Balance of probabilities

The standard of proof in civil cases requiring a claimant to demonstrate that their allegation is more likely true than not.

Phishing

Fraudulently attempting to obtain sensitive personal or financial data by pretending to be a trustworthy institution in spam or pop-up messages.

Skimming

Stealing credit card numbers or payment details by using a special storage or reading device.

Commercial law

Body of law governing private and public legal matters related to business, commercial transactions, bankruptcy, carriage of goods, and trade agreements.

Bankruptcy

A legal proceeding involving a person or business that is unable to repay outstanding debts.

Real property

Land and any permanent structures attached to it, as distinguished from personal movable property.

Freehold estate

Absolute ownership of real property with an indefinite duration.

Leasehold

Ownership or holding of real property under a lease agreement for a specified term.

Fee simple

The absolute and unconditional ownership of real estate.

Life estate

An interest in real property that lasts only for the duration of a specified person's life.

Fee tail

An estate in land subject to restrictions that limit its inheritance to specified direct descendants.

Conveyance

The legal process or document transferring the title or ownership of real property from one party to another.

Chattel

Any item of personal, movable property as distinguished from real estate.

Statute of Frauds

A statute requiring certain contracts, such as real estate transactions, to be executed in writing to be legally enforceable.

Trespass

The unlawful physical entry onto or infringement upon another person's property.

Litigation

The process of resolving disputes through formal legal proceedings in a court of law.

Arbitration

An alternative dispute resolution procedure where an impartial referee or tribunal makes a binding determination to resolve a conflict.

Mediation

A voluntary alternative dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party assists disputing parties in reaching a mutually acceptable settlement.

Solicitor

A legal practitioner in Common Law systems who primarily advises clients, prepares legal documents, and conducts pre-trial work.

Barrister

A advocate legal specialist in Common Law systems who presents cases and pleads before court tribunals and judges.

Counsel

A lawyer or legal representative who provides legal advice and represents clients in court.

Competition law

Area of law designed to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive practices, monopolies, and corporate mergers.

Cartel

An association of independent businesses formed to restrict competition, fix prices, or divide market share.

Monopoly

A market structure characterized by a single supplier or commercial entity dominating the market for a product or service.

Oligopoly

A market structure dominated by a small number of large sellers or commercial entities.

Merger

The legal combination of two or more commercial entities into a single entity.

Price-fixing

An illegal agreement between competitors to establish and maintain prices at a fixed level rather than allowing market forces to operate.

Predatory pricing

The practice of setting prices artificially low to drive competitors out of the market or eliminate new market entry.

Employment law

Area of law governing the employer-employee relationship, including hiring practices, working conditions, trade union activities, and dismissals.

Unfair dismissal

The termination of an employee's employment contract by an employer without a valid or fair legal reason.

Trade union

An organization of employees formed to protect and promote worker rights and negotiate terms collectively with employers.

Lockout

The temporary withholding of work or closing of a workplace by an employer during a labor dispute to pressure employees into accepting terms.

Picketing

Demonstrating or standing outside a workplace by striking employees to protest or deter others from entering during a labor dispute.

Warranties of title

Guarantees provided by a seller assuring that they possess valid ownership of goods and the authority to transfer title.

Express warranty

An explicit written or spoken guarantee made by a seller regarding the quality or condition of goods sold.

Implied warranty

A statutory guarantee automatically created by law regarding the fitness or merchantability of goods, even if not explicitly written.

Intellectual property

Legal rights resulting from intellectual activity in industrial, scientific, literary, or artistic fields.

Patent

An exclusive legal right granted by a government to an inventor for a novel, non-obvious, and useful invention.

Trade mark

A distinctive sign, design, or logo used by a business to identify and distinguish its goods or services from competitors.

Copyright

The exclusive legal right granted to creators of original literary, artistic, or musical works to reproduce, distribute, and perform their work.

Cybersquatting

The bad-faith registration or use of an online domain name that is identical or confusingly similar to a protected trademark.

Tort law

Area of civil law addressing liabilities for injuries or civil wrongs caused to a person or property outside of contract obligations.

Tortfeasor

An individual or entity that commits a civil wrong or tort.

Libel

The publication of false and malicious statements or pictures in written or visual form that causes harm to a person's reputation.

Slander

The utterance of false and malicious spoken words that damages a person's reputation.

Assignee

The party to whom legal rights, property, or obligations are transferred.

Assignor

The party who transfers legal rights, property, or obligations to another.

Defendant

The party against whom a civil lawsuit or criminal charge is brought in court.

Claimant

The party initiating a civil lawsuit or raising a legal claim in court.

Punitive damages

Monetary compensation awarded to a victim beyond actual losses in order to punish a wrongdoer for severe misconduct.

Injunction

A court order requiring a party to do or refrain from doing a specific action.