topic 10 biology practice

Fertilization

The process that describes the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell.

Fallopian tube

The part of the female reproductive system where fertilization typically occurs.

Placenta

An organ that exchanges nutrients and wastes between the mother and fetus.

Ovaries

The structures that produce egg cells in females.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that results in the formation of sperm and egg cells.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that primarily regulate the menstrual cycle in females.

Testosterone

The hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males.

Uterus

The part of the female reproductive system that provides a site for implantation and fetal development.

Sperm

The male gamete.

Ovum

The female gamete.

Zygote

The single cell formed after fertilization.

Differentiation

The process involving the development of specialized cells from a zygote.

Amniotic fluid

The fluid that cushions and protects the fetus.

Ovulation

The release of an egg cell from the ovary.

Fallopian tube

The structure that transports the egg cell from the ovary to the uterus.

Acrosome

Structure in sperm that releases enzymes to help penetrate the egg.

Implantation

The attachment of the early embryo to the uterine wall.

Testes

The male reproductive structures responsible for the production of sperm.

Umbilical cord

The structure connecting the fetus to the placenta.

Endometrium

The lining of the uterus that thickens in preparation for pregnancy.

Menstruation

The process where unfertilized egg and thickened uterine lining are expelled from the body.

Sexual reproduction

The process that provides genetic variation in offspring.

Cervix

The lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

Estrogen

The hormone primarily responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females.

Gestation

The period of development inside the uterus.

Ovaries

The structures responsible for the production of estrogen and progesterone.

Sperm pathway

The typical route sperm follow out of the male body: Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra.

Uterus

The structure that is NOT directly involved in fertilization.

Chromosome number

The significance of the halved chromosome number in gametes, maintaining the correct number after fertilization.

Polyspermy

The phenomenon that is prevented by changes in the egg's plasma membrane after the first sperm fertilizes it.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A hormone whose mutation could affect egg maturation in females.

Corpus luteum

A temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone to maintain the uterine lining early in pregnancy.

Sperm and egg nuclei fusion

A key event in fertilization to create a diploid zygote.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

An assisted reproductive technology used to help couples with fertility issues.

Gastrulation

The process that leads to the formation of three primary germ layers during embryonic development.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A hormone whose surge triggers ovulation.

Testes

Responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

Fertilization completion

The event that occurs when the female and male genetic material combines.

Complications of pregnancy

Potential risks involving multiple pregnancies that can affect maternal health.

Zona pellucida

The protective layer that surrounds an egg and plays a role in fertilization.

Neural tube

The structure derived from the ectoderm that eventually develops into the nervous system.

Cryptorchidism

A condition where testes fail to descend, leading to potential infertility.

Capacitation

The process that sperm undergo to be able to fertilize an egg.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis results in genetically identical cells, while meiosis results in genetically diverse cells.

Calcium ions

Blocking their influx can impede fertilization processes in the egg.

Internal fertilization

A key adaptation of the human female reproductive system that allows for the safe development of the embryo.

Cleavage

The rapid cell division process that occurs after fertilization.

Cilia

Hair-like structures lining the fallopian tube that help move the egg toward the uterus.

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A hormone that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

Endocrine vs. Exocrine

Endocrine functions of the testes involve hormone production; exocrine functions involve sperm production.

Inner cell mass

The part of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo.

Genetic variation

An important aspect of sexual reproduction that contributes to diversity among offspring.

Rhythm method

A birth control method predicting ovulation by tracking the menstrual cycle.

Prostate gland

A male reproductive structure that secretes fluid contributing to sperm motility.

Yolk sac

An embryonic structure that plays an important role in early blood cell formation.

Placenta role

Acts as a selective barrier allowing nutrient exchange and preventing blood mixing.

Blocked fallopian tubes

Directly prevents fertilization by obstructing the egg's path to the uterus.

First polar body

A non-functional cell formed during oogenesis that eventually degenerates.

Acrosomal reaction

Triggered by sperm contact with the zona pellucida, releasing enzymes for penetration.

Progesterone

The hormone responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy.

Umbilical artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.

High-risk pregnancies

Associated with increased likelihood of maternal complications.

Corona radiata

Provides protection and nutrients to the egg.

Positive feedback mechanism

Amplifies responses in certain reproductive processes, such as childbirth.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A method assisting the fertilization process by injecting sperm directly into the egg.

Chorion

Embryonic membrane significantly contributing to placenta formation.

Progesterone blocker

Would likely lead to shedding of the uterine lining in pregnant women.

First meiotic division of oogenesis

A crucial event that involves crossing over between homologous chromosomes.

Acidic vagina pH

Protects the female reproductive tract from pathogens but can be hostile to sperm.

Foramen ovale

A temporary fetal heart opening allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

Endometriosis impact

Can lead to difficulty conceiving due to blocked fallopian tubes.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death essential for proper embryonic development.