Bio 2 Exam 3

Diffusion

What is the primary method by which small, unicellular organisms acquire nutrients?

Abomasum

Most similar stomach to humans, cud is passed into it, enzymes help break down food, 4th stomach

Chyme mixes with

secretions from liver and pancreas

Bile

Stored in the gallbladder, contains salts that break up fat into fat droplets via emulsification, helps lipid digestion

Proteins in duodenum

Trypsin, Elastase, and Chymotrypsin that make peptides smaller

Microvilli

Ridges on Villi that further surface area

Villi

Ridges of small intestine that increase surface area, contains blood capillary and lymphatic capillary (laceal)

Mucous membrane of small intestine

Has ridges and furrows called villi

Liver

Produces Bile, helps maintain glucose concentration in blood by converting excess into glycogen

Epithelial cells of intestine

Produces enzymes and completes digestion of peptides and sugars

Lipase

Digests fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acids

Trypsin

Digests protein into peptides

Pancreatic Amylase

Digests starch into maltose

Pancreas

Exocrine gland / produces digestive enzymes into duodenum

Duodenum

First segment of small intestine

Chyme

Food mixed with gastric juices, between stomach and small intestine

Peptides

Essential for stimulating collagen production, tissue repair, and hormonal regulation

Pepsin

Hydrolytic enzyme that acts on proteins

Gastric Pit

Millions in the stomach, helps drain gastric glands

Rugae

Folds of stomach, helps with expansion (max 1 liter)

Epiglottis

Covers opening to trachea, keeps food out of air passages

Soft Palate

Closes off nasopharynx

Pharynx

Digestive and Respiratory tract come together

Bolus

Mixture of salvia and food

Tongue

Striated muscle that helps mix saliva and food

Salivary Amylase

In saliva, starts starch digestion

Wall of digestive tract

Human enzymes are secreted here

How many Molars do humans have?

3

How many Premolars do humans have?

2

How many Canines do humans have?

1

How many incisors do humans have?

2

Carnivore teeth

Pointed incisors, enlarged canines, jagged premolars and molars

Herbivore teeth

Reduced Canines, sharp incisors, large / flat premolars and molars

Omnivore teeth

chiseled shaped incisors, pointed canines, fairly flat premolars, flat molars

Dentition

Arrangement of different teeth

Omasum

Cud is regurgitated, chewed, and swallowed in the third stomach (removes water)

Rumen and Reticulum

Contain prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fiber

Goat

Has 4 stomachs, Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, and Abomasum

Gizzard

Stomach of bird that breaks down food mechanically (grinding)

Proventriculus

Stomach of bird that breaks down food with enzymes

Small Intestine

Humans absorb most nutrients in what?

Complete Digestive Tract

2 openings called alimentary canal (ex. earthworms)

Incomplete Digestive Tract

Single opening called Gastrovascular cavity (ex. Planarian)

Evaportation

Removal of heat with liquid

Conduction

Heat transfers through surfaces through direct contact

Convection

Currents of air that remove heat as air passes over it

Radiation

Heat from sun / emission of electromagnetic heat waves

Acclimatization

One organ system changes to maintain set point of another organ system

Hypothalamus

Thermoregulation is controled here

Myelin

Gives white brain matter color, increases speed of neuron message

Neuroglia

Supportive cells, Oligodendrocyte (myelin wrapped) around

Soma

Cell body

Actin and Myosin

Protiens that make up muscle

Transitional Connective Tissue

Consists of cells (fibroblasts) embedded in a non-cellular matrix

Area to volume ratio

Cell size constrained by?

Parazoa

Sponges, lack defined tissues and organs

Eumetazoa

Animals that have defined tissues

Anabolic Reaction

Energy from nutrients that is used in the body plan.

Nutrients

Gets converted to ATP

Heat

When there is extra energy it is expelled by?

Smaller organisms

Produces higher BMR

Midian

Midsagittal plane is also called the?

Frontal plane

Separates front and back

Coronal plane

Also called the frontal plane

Transverse plane

Separates upper and lower portions

Horizontal plane / cross section

Also called the Transverse plane

Oblique plane

If a transverse plane is cut at an angle

Simple Squamous

Epithelial tissue looks flat and is 1 layer of cells

Stratified Squamous

Cells are layered epithelial tissue

Cuboidal

Epithelial tissue that secrets from the gland

Simple Columnar

Epithelial tissue that is tall, narrow, and looks like columns, along digestive tract

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Epithelial tissue found in respiratory tract, helps move mucus and trapped particles

Goblet Cells

Found with Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, produces mucus

Transitional

Epithelial tissue that is round, looks stratified

Urinary bladder

Epithelial Transitional tissue only found in?

Connective tissue

Misoderm tissue that connects things, Ligaments, tendons, blood, and bone

Loose/Areolar

Around blood vessles, consists of fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils

Dense, fibrous connective tissue

Mostly collagen, made of fibroblasts, macrophages, mostly in tendons and ligaments

Cartilage

Made of Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts, found in shark skeletons, fetal bones, human ears, intervertebral discs

Bone

Made of Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and Osteoclasts. Some collagen, elastic. In vertebrate skeletons. Breaks down if low on calcium.

Adipose

Made of adipocytes, in fat, stores energy

White Blood Cells

Connective tissue that helps with immune response

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The average amount of energy used by an organism in a non-active state.

Endothermic

Animals maintain their own body temperature

Sagittal plane

Divides into Left/Right halves

Midsagittal

Exact middle plane

Epithelial tissue

It lines cavities, open spaces, and surfaces and can also secrete substances.

Simple epithelial tissue

Single layer of cells

Adipose tissue

What type of connective tissue stores energy from fat?

Cardiac muscle

What type of muscle is involuntary and found in the heart?

Generate movement / provide support

What is the primary purpose of the muscular system?

The diaphragm

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Generate and send electrical signals

What is the primary role of neurons?

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining internal conditions around a set point.

Counteract internal changes to maintain stability

How do negative feedback loops function in biological systems?

Herbivores

They primarily consume plant-based food.

Digestive tract of ruminants

They have a multi-chambered stomach for digesting cellulose from plants.

Insulin

Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of lowering blood sugar levels?

Hypothalamus

Integrates the endocrine and nervous systems and synthesizes hormones that control the anterior pituitary.