EXAM 2

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a

tendon

The primary mineral in bone is

Calcium

Which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?
Osteocytes
Osteoblast
Osteoclasts
Chondrocytes
Osteochondral progenitor cells

Osteocytes

The primary function of osteoblasts is to

Lay down bone matrix

Which of the following is correctly matched?
Osteocyte = bone remodeling
Osteoclast = bone reabsorption Osteoblast = break down bone tissue Endosteum = lines central canal of the osteon
Periosteum = lines the medullary

Osteoclast = bone reabsorption

Which of the following associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?
Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix
Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans
The protein components of bone matrix are synthesized
Calcium ions are actively transported from blood to bone matrix
Blood calcium is decreased

The protein components of bone matrix are synthesized

Lamellar bone _______________________
has its collagen fibers randomly orientates
has a porous appearance
is organized into thin sheets of tissue
is very light in weight
is not easily restructured

is organized into thin sheets of tissue

Woven bone ______________________
has randomly orientated collagen fibers
has a porous appearance
is organized into thin sheets of tissue
is very lightweight is not easily restructured

has randomly orientated collagen fibers

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the_________

periosteum

Ligaments attach

bone to bone

Osteons are present in which type of bone tissue?

compact bone

An example of a long bone would be
the sternum
a rib
a carpal bone
the tibia
the clavicle

tibia

An x-ray determines that a patient has fractured the shaft of the humerus. The break is in the [_____] of the bone

diaphysis

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

manufacture blood cells.
manufacture tissue cells for the skin.
store adipose tissue.
make vitamin D

store adipose tissue

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to
manufacture blood cells.
manufacture tissue cells for the skin.
store adipose tissue.
store bone-forming cells.
make vitamin D.

manufacture blood cells

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

Endosteum

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

Epiphyseal Line

What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?

Sharpey fibers

What is the end of a long bone?

Epiphysis

Which type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

Articular Cartilage

Important functions of the skeletal system include:

protection of the brain and soft organs.
storage of water.
production of Vitamin E.
regulation of acid-base balance.
integration of other systems.

protection of the brain and soft organs.

The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called_________

fontanels

Arrange the following events of endochondral ossification in the proper sequence:
(1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die.
(2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy.
(3) Cartilage model is formed.
(4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage of the primary ossification center.
(5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

3, 2, 1, 5, 4

The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is

hypertrophy, proliferation, calcification, ossification, and remodeling.

proliferation, hypertrophy, cell death, calcification, ossification, and remodeling.

hypertrophy, calcification, proliferation, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.

calcification, hypertrophy, proliferation, ossification, cell death, and remodeling.

proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.

proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.

If an x-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,

the bone is fractured.
growth of the bone is complete.
marrow is forming in the spongy bone.
the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified.
the cartilage is absent.

the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified.

The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when
chondroblasts take over mitosis of osteoblasts.
the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.
the epiphysis becomes separated from the diaphysis.
the bone marrow forms.
the periosteum is completed.

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.

When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in_________.

length
diameter
the epiphyseal plate
the articular cartilage
All of the choices are correct.

Diameter

Rationale: This type of growth, called appositional growth, increases the thickness or diameter of the bone rather than its length.

The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by_________.
parathyroid hormone
sex hormones
growth hormone
thyroid hormone
calcitonin

Sex hormones

Rationale: Sex hormones, particularly estrogen and testosterone, stimulate rapid growth of the bones and are responsible for the growth spurt during puberty.

A twelve-year old girl has not yet experienced a bone growth spurt. Which particular chemicals must her body produce before this can occur?
Growth hormone
Sex hormones
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

Sex hormones

Rationale: The increase in sex hormones, such as estrogen, is essential to trigger the bone growth spurt during puberty. Growth hormone also plays a supporting role, but the onset of the growth spurt specifically requires the production of sex hormones.

A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6'2" by the time he was 13. He had normal body proportions and sexual development but had below normal mental cognition. Which of the following likely caused his condition?
An adrenal tumor that secretes androgens
Hypersecretion of testosterone
Elevated vitamin D synthesis
Hypersecretion of growth hormone
Hyposecretion of growth hormone

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?
Bone remodeling involves removal of old bone by osteoblasts.
As a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases.
The rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly.
Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.
Bone remodeling does not involve the activity of the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts.

Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
Support
Movement
Immunity
Calcium storage
Blood cell formation

Immunity

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
osteoclast and osteocyte activity.
chondroblast and osteoclast activity.
chondrocyte and osteocyte activity.
fibroblast and chondroblast activity.
osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
osteoclast and osteocyte activity.
chondroblast and osteoclast activity.
chondrocyte and osteocyte activity.
fibroblast and chondroblast activity.

osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

Bone remodeling may occur______
as bones grow.
as bones adjust to stress.
as fractures heal.
constantly during a person's lifetime.
All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The proper sequence of events in bone repair is
callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.
remodeling of bone, callus ossification, hematoma formation, callus formation.
hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.
callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone, hematoma formation.
hematoma formation, callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone.

hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.

Which structure forms between the ends of a broken bone as well as the marrow cavity?
Hematoma
Internal callus
External callus
Compact bone

Internal callus

Rationale: The internal callus forms within the marrow cavity and around the fracture site, helping to stabilize the bone internally during the healing process.

Miguel fell out of a tree and broke his fall by putting his arm out, fracturing his radius and ulna. The bones were still aligned at the fracture site. Which specific type of bone fracture is Miguel most likely to have?
Stress fracture fracture
Nondisplaced fracture
Spiral fracture
Avulsion fracture
None of the choices are correct.

Nondisplaced fracture

A fracture that has not penetrated the skin is a/an_________ fracture.
open
closed
displaced
composite
irregular
nondisplaced

closed

A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a/an_________ fracture.
open
closed
avulsion
complete
nondisplaced

nondisplaced

When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteons
Matrix cells
Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

An older man has been diagnosed with osteoporosis, and his blood calcium levels are above normal. Cancer cells that oversecrete_________ may be causing his symptoms.
vitamin D
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
thyroid hormone
growth hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, which can lead to osteoporosis if excessively secreted.

Sally has elevated blood calcium levels. Which substance would you expect to find in high levels in response to this condition?
Growth hormone
Sex hormones
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

Calcitonin

Chondroblasts produce
ligaments.
cartilage matrix.
bone tissue.
blood cells.
synovial fluid.

cartilage matrix

One effect of aging on the skeletal system is
decreased bone matrix.
increased bone density.
decreased collagen fibers.
increased elastic fibers.
Both "decreased bone matrix" and "decreased collagen fibers" are correct.

Both "decreased bone matrix" and "decreased collagen fibers" are correct.

The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is
fractures.
bone thickening.
luxations and subluxations.
fusion of bones.
remodeling of bone.

fractures

Osteomyelitis is
bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development.

bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.

Osteomalacia is
bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.

a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.

How does the muscular system contribute to osteoporosis?
It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.
Pain following injury helps prevent further injury.
Blood clotting starts repair process.
Calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis.

Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.

How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis?
It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.
Pain following injury helps prevent further injury.
Blood clotting starts repair process.
Calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis.

It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.

Bones are classified as one of four types, based on their shapes. The bones of the cranium are examples of ______ bones.

flat

It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the_________.

epiphyseal plate

A young woman is in a car accident. When she regains consciousness, she notices a sharp pain in her left arm. Looking down, she sees a bone sticking out. This is a open (compound) fracture.
true
false

true

A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the_________.

perichondrium

A 65 year old man has knee replacement surgery which requires a thin section of his distal femur to be removed. Which of the following statements is true?
Due to the invasive nature of the surgical procedure, he is at risk for osteomyelitis, a bacterial infection of bone.
He has no risk of osteomyelitis because he tests negative for Staphylococcus aureus when given a skin swab.
The health care team informs him that he is at high risk for osteomyelitis due to his age.
As long as the surgery has minimal bleeding, he will have no risk for developing osteomyelitis.

Due to the invasive nature of the surgical procedure, he is at risk for osteomyelitis, a bacterial infection of bone.

Rationale: Any invasive bone surgery increases the risk of osteomyelitis, particularly in older adults, as their immune systems may be less effective at fighting infections. While testing negative for Staphylococcus aureus reduces the immediate risk, it does not eliminate the potential for post-surgical infection entirely.

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Rib
Radius
Clavicle
Scapula
Hipbone

Rib

The appendicular skeleton consists of the
skull and appendages.
rib cage and the pelvis.
limbs and their girdles.
rib cage and limb girdles.
vertebral column.

limbs and their girdles.

Which of the following bones is part of the cranium?
Vomer
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Mandible

Occipital bone

Which of the following bones is paired?
Vomer
Temporal
Sphenoid
Mandible
Occipital

Temporal

Rationale: The temporal bones are paired, with one located on each side of the skull. The vomer, sphenoid, mandible, and occipital bones are unpaired.

Andrew is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. To which group of bones does this belong?
Face
Chest cavity
Cervical vertebrae
Pectoral girdle
Cranium

Face

A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Nasal

Occipital

The sagittal suture is located between the
two parietal bones.
frontal and parietal bones.
parietal and temporal bones.
parietal and occipital bones.
frontal and temporal bones.

two parietal bones.

Getting a kiss on the cheek means the_________ bone is involved.
frontal
zygomatic
maxilla
sphenoid
ethmoid

zygomatic

A three-year old child is admitted to the hospital with stenosis (narrowing) of the foramen magnum. This condition directly affects which of these structures?
Optic nerve
Carotid arteries
Internal jugular veins
Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Rationale: The foramen magnum is the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes, connecting to the brain. Stenosis (narrowing) of the foramen magnum would directly affect the spinal cord.

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of_________.
elastin fibers
collagenase
hydroxyapatite crystals
collagen fibers
bone marrow

hydroxyapatite crystals

A tumor discovered in the posterior orbit would most likely impact_________.
speech
vision
olfaction
memory

vision

Rationale: The posterior orbit houses structures related to vision, including the optic nerve. A tumor in this area would most likely impact vision.

A person with a fractured mandible has a broken_________.
back
neck
rib
upper jaw
lower jaw

lower jaw

A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?
Clavicle
C2
Sphenoid
Vomer
Hyoid

Hyoid

Traumatic hyperextension of the head can occur when someone is rear-ended in a car accident. This can cause
whiplash.
a fracture.
scoliosis.
a herniated disc.
spina bifida.

whiplash

A patient is told that they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?
Body
Lamina
Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral arch

Body

A patient suffers a concussion. Which bone has possibly been traumatized?
Temporal bone
Phalanges
Patella
Sternum
Talus

Temporal bone

Rickets is
bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.

Rationale: Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to the softening and weakening of bones in children, often resulting in deformities such as bowed legs.

Brittle bone disorder is another name for_________.
osteoporosis
osteogenesis imperfecta
osteomalacia
scurvy
osteomyelitis

osteogenesis imperfecta