Anatomy and Physiology of Bones, Joints, and Muscles

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue providing strength and support.

Spongy Bone

Lightweight bone with a porous structure.

Trabeculae

Small, rod-like structures in spongy bone.

Central Canal

Contains blood vessels and nerves in bone.

Periosteum

Outer fibrous layer covering bone surfaces.

Endosteum

Thin membrane lining the bone's inner surface.

Canaliculi

Microscopic channels connecting bone cells.

Lacunae

Small cavities housing osteocytes in bone.

Volkmann's Canals

Channels connecting blood vessels in bone.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity.

Red Bone Marrow

Site of blood cell production in bones.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone formation directly from mesenchymal tissue.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation from cartilage templates.

Osteoporosis

Condition characterized by weak, brittle bones.

Osteomyelitis

Bone infection often caused by bacteria.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for bone formation.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells maintaining bone matrix.

Calcitonin

Hormone lowering blood calcium levels.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints with synovial fluid.

Hinge Joint

Allows movement in one plane, like elbow.

Abduction

Movement away from the body's midline.

Muscle Types

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle classifications.

Epimysium

Connective tissue surrounding entire muscle.

Neuromuscular Junction

Synapse between a motor neuron and muscle.

Isotonic Contraction

Muscle changes length while maintaining tension.

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission.