foundations exam 1 EVERYTHING

the yellow cards are SUPPLEMENTAL AND NOT FROM THE STUDY GUIDE so do not prioritize them. xoxo good luck!

development

the process through which human beings grow and mature from infancy through adulthood (end of the 20s) as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy

American Indian or Alaska Native

a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment

Asian

a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam

Black of African American

a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guan, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands

white

person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa

developmental progress

reflects brain growth and differentiation

developmental deficits

reflect differences in brain development or disruption of normal brain processes

biologic brain development

example of transformational change

environmental influences

example of variational change

• where they are on the continuum (developmental age)

• where they are relative to others of the same age (standard score)

• completion of defined tasks

• quality of completion

• accuracy of the assessment

components of a developmental assessment, generally

mastery

performs without thinking, automatic

instructional

at level where teaching should occur. can do many times but still requires effort

frustrational

seen when the stars align, usually at times of no stress, or great stress

remediation

work directly on the skill ara

compensation

strategies to get around the disability. allows child to progress in other areas of development

• sensory modulation

• attention regulation

• social perception

• reciprocal social interaction

• communication

• emotional cognition and regulation

• building narrative to place details in context

• theory of mind

• problem solving/executive function

• motivation

deficits that make learning difficult

• focus, selective attention

• exploration of objects

• cause and effect

• tool use

• puzzle building, block designs, drawing shapes

• visual memory, object permanence, making predictions

• the cubes!

components of nonverbal cognitive skills

• find hidden object

• figure out how to get the object

• matching, memory games

• category games

• picture books

• counting, number games, songs

• spatial games

• encouraging problem solving

intervention for nonverbal skills

60

nonverbal communication is ___ percent of interpersonal communication

50

percent intelligbility for a 2yo

75%

percent intelligbility for a 3yo

almost all

percent intelligbility for a 4yo

• notice and comment on what child is looking at or doing

• imitate what they are doing, build back and forth, take turns

• nursery songs

• draw child’s attention by “turning up the volume”

• sensory input

• pictures and actions to match words to meaning

• short utterances

• use signs

• reading as another language modality

• picture books, actions, games, structured tasks, and i spy can all broaden vocab

ways to build receptive communication

• fill in the blank

• practice same words over and over

• picture books

• words matched with pictures

• “use your words”

ways to build expressive communication

• give choices

• sign language

• talking in pictures

how to augment speech

PECS

picture exchange communication system

AAC devices

augmentative and alternative communication devices

joint attention

child and communication partner focusing on same thing distant to both. eye gaze, pointing, language.

surveillance

longitudinal, continuous process. attends to parents’ developmental concerns via medical and developmental hx, physical exam, and observation

screening

use a standardized developmental instrument and at certain timepoints

all well child visits

when should developmental surveillance be done?

9mo (vision, hearing, gross)

18mo (language, social/communication)

24-30mo (cognitive, speech language)

when should developmental screening be conducted?

18mo, 24-30mo

when should autism screening be conducted?

accurate observers, full extend of delay

developmental surveillance: parents are often ___ but may not recognize ___

peabody picture vocabulary test

measures receptive vocab, 2.5-90+yo. has low response demands - select and point to pictures. gives age-normed standard score

gilliam autism rating scale, social responsiveness scale

asd eval tools: parent questionnaire

autism diagnostic interview-revised

asd eval tools: parent interview

childhood autism rating scale (CARS), autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS)

asd eval tools: direct observation

perinatal complications, family hx, growth differences, GI, seizures

asd specific medical eval: history

hyperactivity/ADHD, affective disorders, cognitive, sleep difficulties, aggression/disruptive behavior

asd co-occurring symptoms

beery-buktenica developmental test of visual motor integration (beery VMI)

measures integration of visual perception and motor coordination by copying increasingly complex gemoetric forms. 2+ yo, 10-15 minutes, gives standard score, percentile, and age equivalent

gesell developmental schedules

compares developmental performance with age-based norms. produces a dev age and DQ. interpretation should consider limitations of older normative and psychometric data.

kaufman brief intelligence test

brief measure of verbal and nonverbal cognitive ability. 4+ yo. 20minutes. gives three standard scores - verbal, nonverbal, and IQ composite. some correlation with other standardized IQ testing

single primary anomaly, multiple congenital anomalies

categories of dysmorphia (prenatal onset)

malformation, deformation, disruption, dysplasia

categories of single primary anomalies/isolate anomalies

malformation

bad form. body part in question was neer formed correctly

malformation

most anomalies are ___

deformation

body part formed correctly, but then deformed. usually from something in the intrauterine environment

oligohydramnios, uterine crowding from multiple gestation, poor fetal movement

intrauterine causes of deformationo

oligohydraminos

not enough amniotic fluid in uterus during pregnancy, leading baby to be “squished” and stuck in that position

poor fetal movement

neuromuscular cause. brain formed improperly. cause of deformation.

disruption

something formed correctly and then is completely destroyed

amniotic band, vascular disruption

two types of disruptions

amniotic band

during pregnancy, extra tissue wraps around baby’s [whatever] and cuts off blood supply

vascular disruption

not enough blood flow (type of disruption)

disruption

duane’s anomaly is an example of a ___

dysplasia

disorganization at a cellular levelhe

hemangioma

collection of abnormal blood cells. usually self-resolves, but ways to fix.

sequence, syndrome, association

types of multiple congenital anomaliess

sequence

single primary anomaly cleverly disguised as multiple anomalies. one initiating event sets off a cascade with many secondary anomlaies

sequence

pierre robin is an example of ___

1. posterior displacement of mandible

2. posterior and upward displacement of tongue

3. tongue obstructs palate from closure

4. displaced tongue obstructs upper airway

the pierre robin sequence

association

a bunch of anomalies that tend to go together and we don’t know why. cleverly disguised as a diagnosis

association

VACTERL is an example of ___

vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal, limb

VACTERL

3

for VACTERL, you need at least ___ anomalies to meet criteria for a diagnosis.

syndrome

multiple congenital anomalies with a single underlying cause

chromosome, environmental, single gene

types of syndromes

• be systematic

• describe what you see

• pay attention to things that are rare and that you find striking

• pay attention to family and ethnic background

rules of the physical exam

chromosome

22q11.2 deletion is an example of a ___ syndrome

single gene

treecher collins is an example of a ___ syndrome

environmental

fetal alcohol syndrome is an example of a ___ syndrome

height, weight, head circumference

growth - always assess what three things?

• off curve - what is measurement at 50th percentile for?

• symmetric vs asymmetric

• look for disproportion

things to look out for when assessing growth-

• upper/lower segment ratios

• trunk vs limbs

• limb shortening

considerations when evaluating proportionate/disproportionate short stature rhizo

rhizomelic

shortened upper arms and legs (humerus, femur)

mesomelic

shortened middle - forearms and shin (radius, ulna, tibia, fibula)a

acromelic

shortened hands and feet

micromelic

shortening of an entire limb

rhizomelic

achondroplasia is the most common form of short limb, short stature and is an example of what kind of limb shortening?

frontal bossing - forehead protrudes

metopic ridge

sloped forehead

brachycephaly - short front-to-back distance

scaphocephaly - long front-to-back distance

macrocephaly

microcephaly

craniosynostosis

premature closing of suture. brain and skull don’t grow, and baby can’t properly exit birth canal

metopic, coronal, saggital, lambdoid

the four different sutures, from top to bottom

fontanelle

soft spot on either side of sutures

plagiocephaly doesn’t require surgery. often from baby lying on one side of their head for a long time.

craniosynostosis is premature closing of a suture, which requires surgery to open back up.

plagiocephaly vs craniosynostosis

sagittal craniosynostosis (top of skull)

unicoronal craniosynostosis (one side)

bicoronal craniosynostosis (both sides)

metopic craniosynostosis (front of head)

lamdoid craniosynostosis (back of head)

multisuture craniosynostosis (clover leaf here)

lambdoid

this type of craniosynostosis is often confused with plagiocephaly

facial asymmetry