ZOOLOGY

Tissues

a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

Epithelial Tissue

Covering, lining, gland, cover exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, produces glandular secretions, protects other tissues and organs, cells tightly joind together

Basement Membrane

Presence of cell secretion

Squamous Epithelium

Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Air sacs of respiratory, lining of blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic tubes

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Lines esophagus, mouth, skin, and vagina

Cuboidal Epithelium

Cells are cubed shaped for absorption and secretion, lines the kidney tubules, ducts and small glands, and surface of ovary

Columnar Epithelium

Elongated cells, much longer than they are wide

Simple Columnar Epithelium

lines the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands, has microvilli in the surface for absorption

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes, and some of the uterus, propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action, actually single-layered but nuclei are in different positions

Connective Tissue

Protection, fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, cells that are widely separated from each other in a matrix produced by the cells

Ground matrix region

Liquid- gel, gum, or solid

Fiber matrix region

Non-elastic= white or collagen

Elastic= yellow fibers

Adipose Tissue (Fat)

Storage, insulation, padding, storage cells for adipose (lipids), have large vacuole

Vascular Tissues (Blood)

Liquid plasma matrix, transport, tissue which is fluid and helps in protecting the body from infection, from Hematopoietic stem cells

Erythrocytes

RED BLOOD CELLS

Leuokocytes (Macrophages)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Platelets

For blood clotting

Cartilage

Rubbery collagenous matrix, flexible part of skeleton, support, From chondroblast to chondrocyte, matrix is gum like, cells found in Lacunae, Reticular where non-elastic fibers are very thin

Hyaline Cartilage

Ends of the bones

Elastic Cartilage

Bones in the ears

Non-elastic Cartilage

Bones in the nose

Bone

Collagen fibers in calcium salts, rigid parts of the skeleton, support, From osteoblast to osteocyte to osseous, compact bones and spongy bone, ground of matrix is solid (calcium carbonate), has haversian canal systems

Loose Connective Tissue

Loose weave of fibers, widespread packing material, holds organs in place, from fibroblast to fibrocyte to connective tissue proper, types: areolar, adipose, and reticular

Loose Connective Tissues (Areolar)

Gel like ground with both elastic and non-elastic fibers, wraps and cushions organs, under the skin

Fibrous (Dense) Connective Tissue

Nuclei and fiber arranged in parallel rows, tendons, ligament, connects bones and muscles, from fibroblast to fibrocyte to connective tissue proper, types: regular, irregular, elastic

Muscle Tissue

Contracts to produce active movement, composed of long cells called muscle fibers, contraction equals movement

Skeletal Muscle

Unbranched fibers, striated, attached to bone, voluntary movements of body, parallel elongated cells, multinucleated

Cardiac Muscle

Branched fibers, striated, heart, contraction of the heart, intercalated disc, uninucleated, myogenic, involuntary

Smooth Muscle

Spindle-shaped cells, unstriated, visceral, involuntary, uninucleated, digestive tract, arteries, bladder, contraction of other internal organs

Nervous Tissue

Control, communication, sense internal and externan environment, conducts electrical impulses, carries information, Cells are specialized to polarize and depolarize

Neurons

Main cells in the nervous system

Neuroglial/ glial cells (Supporting cells)

All neurons are metabolically assisted, protected, insulated, and help in place by neuroglia

Organ

Composed of several tissue types

Body cavities

Where vertebrate organs are located, filled with fluids to moisten the organs

Diaphragm

separates the pericardial cavity from the abdominal cavity

Mesenteries

Body cavities are being suspended by this

Cranial Cavity

Formed by cranial bones, contains brain

Vertebral cavity

Formed by vertebral colum, contains spinal cord and spinal nerves

Thoracic cavity

chest cavity

Pleural (right and left) cavity

contains lungs

Pericardial cavity

Contains heart

Mediastinum cavity

Contains thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, internal female and male reproductive organs

Muscular system

enables movement

Circulatory sytem

Carries food, waste, and materials to and from various parts of the body

Skeletal System

Supports the body and keeps it in shape

Digestive system

Breaks down food into simpler substances for the body to absorb

Respiratory system

For breathing, to take in oxygen needed by the body and give out unwanted carbon dioxide from the body to the air

Physiology

Study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

Homeostasis

Steady state condition in the functioning of the body, Maintaining relative constant conditions in the internal environment despite changes in the external environment

Receptor

Detects any change in the body’s internal environment (change in body temperate)

Control Center

Where the information from the receptor is processed

Effector

Where information from control center is forwarded for appropriate response

Negative feedback control

Responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns condition to this set point, reverse the change in the internal environment

Positive feedback control

Involves changes in some variable that will trigger mechanisms to amplify instead of reverse the change

Pathophysiology

Study of the failure to compensate homeostasis

Macronutrients

3 main categories of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Micronutrients in Diet

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins

Organic substance required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks

Fat-soluble vitamins

A,E,D,K, not harmed by heat, stored in body fat, excessive intake can cause problems

Water-soluble vitamins

C, and B, destroyed by heat, must be replenished daily to avoid deficiencies

Mineral

Inorganic substances required in small amounts for essential metabolic tasks

Intracellular digestion

for the sponge, tiny food particles are taken into the body wall cells by endocytosis, digestive enzymes of the vacuole then break the small particles into molecules, no gut

Extracellular digestion

For dogs, cells lining the gut cavity secrete enzymes into the cavity, then enzymes break down food materials into molecues, has gut

Four stages of food processing

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Elimination

Animal Digestive Systems

Regions including a stomach, small intestine, and large intestine with accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Crops

Seed-eating birds have large crops to store seeds

Gizzards

To grind them

Cows

Have four chambered stomach to help process nutrients from grass

Major Digestive Organs

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large intestine, rectum, anus

Accessory Organs

Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Mechanical Digestion

In the mouth, food is physically broken down into smalled pieces by teeth, breaking of food into smaller pieces by a process called chewing

Chemical digestion

Chewing mixes food with salive thast has enzymes, breakdown of food molecules into smaller subunits by enzymes

Mucus

In the saliva, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins

Salivary Amylase

Enzyme in saliva begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starch into disaccharides, saliva to lubricate food

Oral Cavity

This takes place the first stage of digestion where it is mechanical

Tongue

shapes food into bolus and provids help with swallowing

Pharynx

Junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

Esophagus

Connects to the stomach and movues bolus by peristalsis to stomach

Trachea

Windpipe that lead to the lungs

Sphincters

Prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine (Pyloric sphincter)

Digestive enzymes

The epithelial lining of the duodenum produces these

Peristalsis

Enzymatic digestion is completed as this moves the chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine

Duodenum

most digestion occurs here

Jejunum and Ileum

Function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water

Carbohydrate Digestion

Starts in the oral cavity with salivary amylase, end product: disaccharides, Small intestine= has pancreatic amylase

Protein Digestion

Starts in the stomach, Has pepsin and end product is small polypeptides

Fat digestion

Starts in the small intestine, has pancreatic lipase and end product is glycerol and fatty acids

Villi

The reason for the small intestine to have a huge surface area

Microvilli

Exposed to the intestinal lumen

Brush border

Created by enormous microvillar surface, increases the rate of nutrient absorption

Passive and Active transport

Transport across the epithelial cells depending on the nutrient

Absorption

The passage of nutrients, water, salts, and vitamins into the internal environment

Simple sugars and amino acids

Move through brush border cells then enter a capillary

Triglyceride

Enters lymph vesels (lacteals) which eventually carry them to blood

Large Intestine

To recover water, colon house bacteria where some produce vitamins, feces become more solid as they move through the colon, absorbs minerals and water and undigested residues become feces, absorbs ion and vitamins made by bacteria

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix (wormlike projection from the first part of the large intestine)

Colon Polyp

Small growth from the wall of the colon that may become cancerous, detected and removed by colonoscopy