FINAL EXAM: child-rearing styles

Child-rearing styles

combinations of parenting behaviours that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate

acceptance/responsiveness

a dimension of parenting that describes the amount of responsiveness and affection that a parent displays toward a child

demandingness/control

a dimension of parenting that measures the amount of restrictiveness and structure that parents place on their children

autonomy

capacity to make decisions independently, serve as one's own source of emotional strength, and otherwise manage life tasks without depending on others for assistance

authoritative parenting

a flexible, democratic style of parenting in which warm, accepting parents provide guidance and control while allowing the child some say in deciding how best to meet challenges and obligations

authoritarian parenting

a restrictive pattern of parenting in which adults set many rules for their children, expect strict obedience, and rely on power rather than reason to elicit compliance

permissive parenting

a pattern of parenting in which otherwise accepting adults make few demands of their children and rarely attempt to control their behavior

uninvolved parenting

a pattern of parenting that is both aloof (or even hostile) and over-permissive, almost as if parents neither cared about their children nor about what they may become

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies, distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese American and European American parents. What did the data show is the predominant parenting style for Chinese Americans?

authoritative

3 multiple choice options

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies, distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese and North American parents. Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of Chinese parents?

They insist that their children display strong respect for others, as opposed to the pursuit of individual

goals.

3 multiple choice options

Several different Canadian research studies have produced support for the notion that the effectiveness of parenting styles is dependent on the culture in which the child is being raised. For example, the focus of Chinese parents on the inhibition of behaviour in children is associated with which parenting style?

punishment oriented

3 multiple choice options

Research findings support the conclusion that urban African American parents are more likely to exhibit coercive and controlling styles of parenting. What did the textbook authors conclude from this finding?

The middle-class pattern of authoritarian parenting may not be the most adaptive pattern for all ecological niches.

3 multiple choice options

What is another term for the attempts parents make to influence a child's conduct through such psychological tactics as withholding affection and/or inducing shame or guilt?

psychological control

3 multiple choice options

What is involved when parents are high in the demandingness/control dimension of parenting?

They monitor their children's behaviour.

3 multiple choice options

What is another term for the type of parent who is controlling but flexible and makes demands of their children but is careful to provide rationales for the limits they set?

authoritative

3 multiple choice options

Saanvi is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a camping trip for the upcoming weekend with a group of her friends, some of whom are male. She tells her parents about this idea on Monday night. Which type of response would be typical of Saanvi's authoritative parents?

"Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea."

3 multiple choice options

What general conclusion can be drawn for the research on parenting?

Children need love and limits.

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Addison's parents are typically away at night, leaving her and her three younger siblings alone at home. Her parents justify their actions by saying that they save money on babysitters. Based on Addison's parents' behaviour, how would you classify their parental style?

as uninvolved

3 multiple choice options

What is least representative of what is involved when parents exercise psychological control of their children?

discipline with some flexibility

3 multiple choice options

Baumrind's research with nursery school children and their parents indicated that cheerful, self-reliant children are most likely to have what type of parents?

authoritative

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is least representative of personal autonomy and self-determination?

the ability to learn from the mistakes of others

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What does the term parental acceptance describe?

the amount of affection that a parent displays toward achild

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following apply least to the authoritarian parenting type?

The parents have a controlling but flexible style.

3 multiple choice options

According to Baumrind's research, all of the following characterize the behaviour of children of permissive parents EXCEPT

independent

3 multiple choice options

Compared to high-SES parents, low-SES parents are more likely to have which type of parenting style?

authoritarian

3 multiple choice options

Consider this exchange between a parent and his or her 2-year-old: "Let me help with that." Two-year-old: "I do it myself."

Now consider this exchange between a parent and his or her 12-year-old child: "Where are you going?" "Out." "What are you going to do?" "Nothing."

What do the determined 2-year-old and the evasive 12-year-old have in common?

his or her quest for autonomy

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following best describes the authoritative pattern of parenting?

It is warm, and children are allowed considerable freedom within firmly established guidelines.

3 multiple choice options

Bernard is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a three-day trip with his friends to see a music concert. Some of his friends are female, and so they plan on renting two adjacent hotel rooms. He tells his parents about this trip, and asks if he can go. Which response would be typical of Bernard’s authoritarian parents?

"Absolutely not. Case closed."

3 multiple choice options

Thiago is a 17-year-old who has been asked to join a weekend camping trip with a group of his friends. Both boys and girls will be going, and alcohol is likely to be available during the trip. Thiago tells his parents about the trip on Monday night and asks if he can go. Which type of response would be typical of Thiago’s uninvolved

parents?

"Do whatever you want. It's your life."

3 multiple choice options

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are permissive?

Parents are responsive, and children are free to express themselves.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following best represents the four parenting styles according to the research of Diana Baumrind?

authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, uninvolved

3 multiple choice options

What is another term for a pattern of parenting in which otherwise accepting adults make few demands on their children and rarely attempt to control their behaviour?

permissive

3 multiple choice options

Which type of parenting style is being utilized when the parents exercise control in a rational and democratic way?

authoritative

3 multiple choice options

According to Baumrind's research, all of the following characterize the behaviour of children of authoritarian parents EXCEPT

self-reliant.

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According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues, what behavioural outcome is associated with the use of psychological control for discipline?

anxiety and depression

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is least representative of the uninvolved parenting style?

Parents don't allow their children to express their feelings.

3 multiple choice options

What is another term for a pattern of parenting that is both aloof and overpermissive, almost as if the parents didn't care about their children or what they might become?

uninvolved

3 multiple choice options

According to Erikson, what two aspects of parenting are important throughout childhood and adolescence?

responsiveness and control

3 multiple choice options

Zachary always wants to play his way, or not at all, and he often breaks in on other groups of children as they are playing. He is known for fighting with other children if they won't play "his way." Based on Baumrind's research, what would be your prediction for the style of parenting that Zachary's parents exhibit?

permissive

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is least representative of the permissive parenting style?

Parents don't allow their children to express their feelings.

3 multiple choice options

What is another term for a restrictive pattern of parenting in which adults set many rules for their children, expect strict obedience, and rely on power rather than reason to elicit compliance?

authoritarian

3 multiple choice options

Maro is a 16-year-old who has been asked to join a student group that will be travelling to Thailand to assist with relief efforts for families that were left homeless after a recent tsunami. Maro tells their parents about the trip, provides brochures and information sheets, and asks if they can go on the trip. Which type of response

would be typical of Maro’s authoritarian parents?

"Absolutely not. Case closed."

3 multiple choice options

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritative?

Parents are responsive, and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries.

3 multiple choice options

What is a dimension of parenting that describes how restrictive and demanding parents are?

demandingness/control

3 multiple choice options

According to Baumrind's research, which of the following characterizes the behaviour of children of permissive parents?

They are impulsive and aggressive.

3 multiple choice options

What is a dimension of parenting that, when parents are low in it, involves a parent criticizing, belittling, punishing, or ignoring a child?

acceptance/responsiveness

3 multiple choice options

According to Belsky, what is the most important aspect of parenting in infancy?

warmth and sensitivity

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Which of the following characterizes the research findings regarding the effect of socioeconomic status on child-rearing practices?

Upper- and middle-class parents tend to be more authoritative and place more stress on independence

and ambition.

3 multiple choice options

What are the two dimensions of parenting that are especially important?

acceptance/responsiveness and permissiveness/restrictiveness

3 multiple choice options

What is a dimension of parenting that, when parents are high in it, involves a parent smiling at, praising, and encouraging their children?

acceptance/responsiveness

3 multiple choice options

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritarian?

Parents are reserved, and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.

3 multiple choice options

What is another term for the dimension of parenting that describes the amount of sensitivity and warmth that a parent displays toward a child?

acceptance/responsiveness

3 multiple choice options