Learning Concepts in Psychology

Flashcards covering key concepts in classical and operant conditioning, associative learning, and observational learning.

In classical conditioning, the __ is an initially neutral stimulus that eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, the __ is the natural reaction that occurs in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

In operant conditioning, adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior is called __.

Positive reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior is known as __.

Negative reinforcement

The process of learning through the relationship between two distinct stimuli, actions, or events is known as __.

Associative learning

The phenomenon where an individual responds to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus is called __.

Stimulus generalization

The process by which an individual learns to respond only to the conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli is __.

Stimulus discrimination

In operant conditioning, the process that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by adding an unpleasant stimulus is called __.

Positive punishment

The schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a predetermined number of responses is called __.

Fixed ratio

The type of learning where individuals learn by observing others is referred to as __.

Observational learning

The study by B.F. Skinner focuses primarily on the consequences of one's actions in __ conditioning.

Operant

Reinforcement schedules can be categorized by either the basis of reinforcement or consistency, such as and .

ratio and interval

The term __ refers to the reduction and elimination of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time is known as __.

Spontaneous recovery

Influential experiments by __ examined the effects of observational learning using a Bobo doll to measure aggressive behavior.

Albert Bandura