EMT Class Full Review Mod #1

Practice for everything

Which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct?

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries.

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway?

Bronchus

Structures of the lower airway include all of the following, EXCEPT:

the epiglottis.

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the:

alveoli.

The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:

ventilation.

Inhalation occurs when the:

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure.

The diaphragm is innervated by the _________ nerve, which allows it to contract.

phrenic

Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

What is the alveolar minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?

5,600 mL

Which of the following factors will cause a reduction in minute volume in an adult?

Shallow breathing

In contrast to inhalation, exhalation:

is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.

Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as:

inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells.

The hypoxic drive is influenced by:

low blood oxygen levels.

Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?

Cyanosis

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called:

external respiration.

In the presence of oxygen, the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called:

aerobic metabolism.

Without adequate oxygen, the body's cells:

incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood.

The primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is:

carbon dioxide.

Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:

slight increases in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

A ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch occurs when:

a disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen.

Which of the following patients is breathing adequately?

A conscious male with respirations of 19 breaths/min and pink skin

You are dispatched to a residence where a middle-aged man was found unconscious in his front yard. There are no witnesses who can tell you what happened. You find him in a prone position; his eyes are closed and he is not moving. Your FIRST action should be to:

log roll him as a unit to a supine position.

What is the MOST common cause of airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?

The tongue

The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of patients with suspected:

cervical spine injuries.

Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?

A 51-year-old confused patient with severely labored respirations

A 19-year-old female is found unconscious by her roommate. Your primary assessment reveals that her breathing is inadequate. As you insert an oropharyngeal airway, she begins to gag violently. You should:

remove the airway and be prepared to suction her oropharynx.

To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:

corner of the mouth to the earlobe.

The MOST serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with trauma to the head or face is:

penetrating the cranium.

A 71-year-old male is semiconscious following a sudden, severe headache. There is vomitus on his face, and his respirations are slow and shallow. The EMT must immediately:

begin assisting the patient's ventilations.

The MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is:

hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts.

A 23-year-old male experienced severe head trauma after his motorcycle collided with an oncoming truck. He is unconscious, has agonal gasps, and has copious bloody secretions in his mouth. How should you manage his airway?

Alternate oropharyngeal suctioning and ventilation with a bag-mask device.

Which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position?

A 24-year-old unconscious female who overdosed and has a reduced tidal volume

The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).

2,000

An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than:

200 psi.

Which of the following statements regarding oxygen is correct?

Oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire.

Oxygen toxicity is a condition in which:

cellular tissue damage occurs from excessive oxygen levels in the blood.

A patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a:

nonrebreathing mask.

Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask to a patient, you must ensure that the:

reservoir bag is fully inflated.

At a flow rate of 6 L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration of up to:

44%.

The nasal cannula is MOST appropriately used in the prehospital setting:

when the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask.

What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange.

As the single EMT managing an apneic patient's airway, the preferred initial method of providing ventilations is the:

mouth-to-mask technique with a one-way valve.

You and your partner are treating a 66-year-old man who experienced a sudden onset of respiratory distress. He is conscious but is unable to follow simple verbal commands. Further assessment reveals that his breathing is severely labored and his oxygen saturation is 80%. You should:

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

Which of the following statements regarding positive-pressure ventilation is correct?

With positive-pressure ventilation, more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing.

You are performing bag-mask ventilations with oxygen connected and set at a flow rate of 15 L/min. What percentage of oxygen are you delivering?

Nearly 100%

You and your partner are caring for a critically injured patient who is unresponsive and apneic. Your partner is controlling severe bleeding from the patient's lower extremities as you attempt ventilations with a bag-mask device. After repositioning the mask several times, you are unable to effectively ventilate the patient. You should:

insert an oropharyngeal airway and reattempt ventilations.

Which of the following statements regarding the one-person bag-mask technique is correct?

Adequate tidal volume is often difficult to achieve when one EMT is operating the bag-mask device.

All of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, EXCEPT:

increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume.

Which of the following is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?

Adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag

Your protocols state that during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient, you should provide passive ventilation. This means that you will:

time your positive-pressure ventilations to occur during chest recoil.

How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?

It forces the alveoli open and increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli.

CPAP is indicated for patients who:

have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands.

A 37-year-old male has an apparent foreign body airway obstruction. He is conscious and alert and is coughing forcefully. His skin is pink, warm, and moist. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

encouraging him to cough and transporting.

While eating dinner, your partner suddenly grabs his throat and has a panicked look on his face. He is unable to cough and becomes cyanotic around the lips. You should:

stand behind him and administer abdominal thrusts.

During your assessment of a patient with respiratory distress, you hear wheezing when listening to breath sounds. This indicates:

a lower airway obstruction.

You are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She has dentures, which are tight fitting. Adequate chest rise is present with each ventilation, and the patient's oxygen saturation reads 96%. When you reassess the patency of her airway, you note that her dentures are now loose, although your ventilations are still producing adequate chest rise. You should:

remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise.

While providing CPAP to a patient in severe respiratory distress, you note that his heart rate has increased by 20 beats/min. He is conscious, but is no longer following verbal commands. You should:

remove the CPAP device and ventilate him with a bag-mask device.

A man was found unresponsive in his bed at home. There is no evidence of injury, and the patient's medical history is not known. The patient's face is cherry red, yet the pulse oximeter reads 98%. Which of the following would MOST likely explain this?

Carbon monoxide poisoning

The ___________ plane separates the body into left and right halves

sagittal

The cervical spine is composed of ___________ vertebrae.

seven

The areas of the spinal column, in descending order, are

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx

The ____________ is a muscular dome that separates the thorax from the abdomen

The diaphragm

The bones of the forearm are called the:

radius and ulna

The elbow is an example of a ____________ joint.

Hinge Joint

A person's bones will become brittle if he or she is deficient in

calcium

Which of the following statements regarding smooth muscle is correct?

A person has no voluntary control over smooth muscle

The vocal cords are located in the:

larynx

The leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is called the:

epiglottis

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during:

inhalation

Negative-pressure breathing involves

a drop in pressure within the chest cavity.

How does respiration differ from ventilation?

Respiration is the process of gas exchange, whereas ventilation is the movement of air between the lungs and the environment.

Relative to an adult's airway anatomy, the child's:

pharynx is smaller and less deeply curved.

The body's backup system of respiratory control, which is based on low concentrations of oxygen in the blood, is called the:

hypoxic drive

Dead space is the portion of the respiratory system that:

contains no alveoli and does not participate in gas exchange.

Which of the following statements regarding agonal respirations is correct?

Agonal respirations result in excessive tidal volume.

The primary function of the right atrium is to:

receive blood from the vena cava

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the:

pulmonary veins.

Cardiac output (CO) is affected by:

stroke volume and heart rate.

The major artery that supplies all other arteries with blood is the

aorta

Bleeding is normally stopped by:

activation of platelets.

Deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities is returned to the right atrium via the:

inferior vena cava.

Hemoglobin is a molecule that attaches to ___________ and carries oxygen.

erythrocytes

White blood cells, which are also called leukocytes, function by

protecting the body from infection.

ventricular contraction

Initial formation of a blood clot patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The "130" in this measurement represents:

A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The "130" in this measurement represents:

ventricular filling.

An increase in heart rate and contractility occurs due to stimulation of

beta-1

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system would result in

a slower heart rate.

The central nervous system is composed of the

brain and spinal cord

The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following functions, except:

breath holding All critical life functions are coordinated in which part of the brain

All critical life functions are coordinated in which part of the brain?

The brain stem

Which set of nerves is responsible for carrying information from the body to the central nervous system

Sensory

Which of the following is not a function of the skin?

Metabolic coordination

The __________ fills the entire anteroposterior depth of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. liver spleen pancreas stomach

The liver

Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the:c

gallbladder.

Which of the following systems is responsible for releasing hormones that regulate body activities?

Endocrine

Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are generated when:

the cells function with adequate oxygen

Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular:

disease

The air you breathe is _______ oxygen, and the air you exhale is _______ oxygen.

21%; 16%