Statistics Unit 1

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27 Terms

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Population

All individuals or things

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Parameter

A characteristic or constant factor, limit

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Sample

A subset/ group of the population

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Inferential statistics

numerical data that allows predictions - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population. ex: The estimate population of USA in 2050

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Descriptive statistics

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study. ex: the population of USA the last 10 years

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Quantitative data

Numerical data (numbers)

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Qualitative data

Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

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Discrete data

Whole number, can't be a decimal

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Continuous data

Data that can take on any value. ex: decimals (2.5, 10.75)

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Nominal data

Data of categories only. Data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme. (Gender, Race, Religion)

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Ordinal data

Data exists in categories that are ordered but differences cannot be determined or they are meaningless. (Example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd)

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Interval data

Differences between values can be found, but there is no absolute 0. (Temp. and Time)

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Ratio data

data with an absolute 0. Ratios are meaningful. (Length, Width, Weight, Distance)

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Simple Random sampling

Pick sample randomly from a list. Every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection.

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Systematic sampling

A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically. Such as every 4th.

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Stratified sampling

Population is divided into sub-groups, then a sample is taken from each in proportion to the population size

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Clustered sampling

Divides the population into even groups and randomly selects a number of these groups for sampling. Choose whole groups randomly

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Experimental Study

The researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables

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Observational Study

Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses

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Survey Study

A study of people's responses to standardized questions

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Independent Variable

The variable being manipulated by the researcher in an experimental study.

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Dependent Variable

The resultant variable in an experimental study.

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Response variable

The variable being measured and is the result of the treatment.

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Explanatory Variable

The treatment being given to test subjects (whether given naturally or by the researcher).

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Treatment Group

The group in the study that received the special instruction.

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Control Group

The group that had no special instruction.

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Placebo

is anything that seems to be a "real" medical treatment -- but isn't. It could be a pill, a shot, or some other type of "fake" treatment.