APWH CH 34 - Cold War: Africa, Middle East, and Asia

Bangladesh

formerly East Pakistan; after a civil war became independent in 1972.

Indira Gandhi

Prime Minister of India (r. 1966–1977, 1980–1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades.

Corazon Aquino

president of Philippines (r. 1986–1992).

Jawaharal Nehru

one of Gandhi’s disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.

religious revivalism

an approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life.

primary products

food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely.

neocolonial economy

industrialized nation’s continued dominance of the world economy, despite the absence of direct political control over the non-industrialized world.

Free Officers movement/Gamal Abdul Nasser

military nationalist movement in the 1930s; often allied withthe Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government in July 1952. Coup led to Gamal Abdul Nasser to seize power and become the leader of Egypt. He formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful.

Muslim Brotherhood/Hasan al-Banna

Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.

Anwar Sadat

successor of Nasser as Egypt’s ruler; dismantled Nasser’s costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist.

Hosni Mubarak

president of Egypt (served: 1981–present); has continued Anwar Sadat’s policies.

Green Revolution

agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

Ayatollah Khomeini

religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences.

African National Congress (ANC)

South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections.

Walter Sisulu and Steve Biko

African leaders imprisoned (Sisulu) or murdered (Biko) by the Afrikaner regime.

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994.

F. W. de Klerk

South African president (served: 1989–1994); led Afrikaner push for reforms ending apartheid; Nelson Mandela was freed in his presidency.