Honors World History Midterm Review

Second Estate

Nobility

Copernicus (1473-1543)

Polish astronomer who believed that the Earth orbited the sun.

King Louis XV of France

A weak king who led France to economic ruin. He was taught and influenced by Cardinal Fleury. He lost the seven years war. He lived in Louis XIV's shadow, and set up France for Louis XVI to have to deal with his mistakes. Died of smallpox

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Textiles

a type of cloth or woven fabric

Berlin Conference of 1884

Africa divided unequally among European nations. The rights of Africans were disregarded.

Sphere of Influence in China

-many European countries and Russia held economic power in China

Absolutsim

The concept of having complete and total power, usually attached to a monarch.

First Estate

clergy

3rd Estate

everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property

Jean-Jacque Rousseau (1712-1778)

French philosopher, 1712-1778. Wrote Social Contract. Ideas contained helped spark French revolution and American revolution. His ideas were a part of the Enlightenment desire to find a political natural law.

Galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

Absolute Monarchy

A government in which the king or queen has absolute power.

King Louis XIV of France

Known as the Sun King
His reign began when he was four years old and lasted for 72 years.
Died in 1715 and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV. Built Palace of Versailles.

King Louis XVI

King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution. Disliked by his people. Called into session the Estates General after 175 years. Did not care about his people.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793). Married Louis for political alliance between Austria and France.

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

both used reason to challenge traditional beliefs

Enlightened Absolutism

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Catherine the Great of Russia

Example of Enlightened monarch

Peter the Great of Russia

part of the Romanov Dynasty; was an absolutist monarch who claimed the divine right to rule; he westernized & modernized Russia thus making it a great military power; created the first Russian Navy; divided Russia into provinces; and established St. Petersburg as the capital of Russia.

Estates General of 1789

Parliament of three French estates called by French emperor Louis XVI which hadn't been called in over 150 years. Third Estate breaks away and establishes the National Assembly of France as itself.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women). Freedom of speech, equal taxation, natural rights

National Assembly of France

The Third Estate renamed themselves this to represent the people and nation as a whole. They would not disband until new Constitution was put into practice in France.

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial by the guillotine

The People's Friend

A newspaper by John Paul Marat that calls for blood and heads.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Inspired by the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Promoted education, equal taxation, consistent laws, created an empire

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s. Began in Great Britain.

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Jewel in the British Crown

India's nickname for having a lot of resources/things that the British needed

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Union of South Africa

The British united the cape Colony, Orange Free state and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa.

Social Contract Theory

A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed. Enlightenment idea

Age of Reason/Enlightenment

1750-1850 doctrine which was predicated on an belief that there was an universal order in the universe

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution. Enlighted tool.

Tennis Court Oath (1789)

Oath taken by representatives of the Third Estate in June 1789, in which they pledged to form a National Assembly and write a constitution limiting the powers of the king.

Storming of the Bastille

Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic

Opium Wars (1839-1842 1856-1860)

The wars between China and Britain. Britain faced an imbalance of trade with China over silk and tea, so Britain sold opium to the Chinese. The Chinese foreign minister Lin Xezu closed the ports. This led to Britain attacking the Chinese fleet for access. The result was the Treaty of Nanking, in which Britain got access to Chinese ports

Causes of Imperialism

Industrial Revolution led to a demand for more raw resources; European nationalism demanded colonies; Europeans needed more land for growing populations; Europeans wanted new markets to sell their goods in; Europeans had better weapons and technology; European desire to spread religion and culture; belief in Social Darwinism; desire for global empire.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Air Pollution, Water Contamination, & Deforestation.