Txst Posi 2320 final exam

Secretary of State

Antony Blinken

Secretary of Defense

Lloyd Austin

Secretary of the treasury

Dr. Janet Yellen

Secretary of interior

Debb Haaland

Secretary of health and human services

Xavier Becerra

Secretary of education

Dr. Miguel Cardona

Brown v. Board of Education

Declared school segregation unconstitutional (1954).

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation ending segregation in public places.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Guarantees equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Prohibits voting discrimination based on race.

1st Amendment

Protects freedoms of speech, religion, and assembly.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote (1920).

Americans with Disabilities Act

Mandates accommodations for disabled individuals.

Cesar Chavez

Advocate for Latino workers' rights.

Native American Sovereignty

Tribal self-determination over lands.

Declaration of Sentiments

1848 document advocating for women's rights.

Rachel Carson

Author of Silent Spring, environmental activist.

Environmental Protection Agency

Federal agency regulating environmental laws.

Mapp v. Ohio

Exclusionary rule for illegally obtained evidence.

Schenk v. U.S.

Established 'clear and present danger' for speech.

Roe v. Wade

Recognized abortion as privacy right (1973).

Recidivism

Tendency of criminals to reoffend.

Market Economy

Economic system driven by supply and demand.

Capitalism

Economic system with competitive markets.

Inflation

Increase in prices due to cost-push or wage-pull.

Fiscal Policy

Government's taxing and spending to influence economy.

Monetary Policy

Federal Reserve's management of interest rates.

Keynesian Economics

Advocates adjusting taxes and spending based on economic conditions.

Social Regulations

Laws aimed at improving social welfare and safety.

Economic Regulations

Laws governing market operations and job security.

Texas Railroad Commission

Regulates monopoly prices and oversees oil drilling.

Three Forms of Law

Constitutional, Legislative Statutes, and Executive actions.

Healthcare Systems

Medicare for elderly, Medicaid for the poor.

Affordable Care Act

Expanded healthcare coverage, protecting preexisting conditions.

Market-Based Insurance

Subsidizes uninsured or mandates insurance purchase.

Single-Payer System

Government-funded healthcare, similar to European models.

Three Branches of Government

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of U.S. government.

Federalism

Power shared between federal and state governments.

Checks and Balances

System ensuring no government branch has unchecked power.

U.S. Constitution

Document with 7 articles outlining government structure.

NAFTA

Trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.

TPP

Trade agreement with Pacific nations, countering China's influence.

Comparative Advantage

Countries trade to benefit all partners involved.

War of 1812

Conflict with Britain over naval officer enslavement.

Mexican-American War

Conflict over border dispute, leading to territorial gains.

Spanish-American War

Conflict leading to U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Philippines.

World War I

Global conflict starting in 1914, triggered by alliances.

World War II

Started in 1939, U.S. entered after Pearl Harbor attack.

Korean War

UN forces fought to contain communism in Korea.

Vietnam War

Conflict in Cold War context, costly for U.S.

Cold War

Political tension between U.S. and USSR with nuclear threats.

9/11 and War on Terror

Military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq post-Al Qaeda attack.

Texas State Government

Funds operations through sales and property taxes.

Edgewood v. Kirby

Ruling for equal funding across Texas school districts.

Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission

Created in 1934 to regulate alcohol sales in Texas.

Texas State Board of Education

Elected body overseeing education policy in Texas.

Discrimination

Women [including white women], however, can also be latino, AfricanAmerican, Disabled, etc-so they are the largest demographic that faced and/or facesdiscrimination

Slavery in the U.S

Began in Virginia in 1619 and lasted until 1865, primarily based onrace

Jim Crow Era

(1880s-1960s): Segregation and discrimination against AfricanAmericans.

Plessey v. Ferguson (1896

Supreme Court ruling that "separate but equal"facilities were constitutional.