Scholarship Reports

Scholarship Statistics Study!

the sampling method must select experimental units from the population ________ to be valid

randomly

the sample represents the ________ population

target

you should analyse the potential for making a valid generalisation to a wider ________

population

an ________ investigation/study is where the researcher c________ or m________ the ________ variable

experimental, controls, manipulations, explanatory

an ________ investigation/study is where the researcher has little or no c________ over the ________ variable

observational, control, explanatory

________ data is collected by an observation or experiment

primary

________ data is provided from another source or study

secondary

an ________, where a c________ is discovered between variables, does not imply a ________ relationship

association, correlation, causal

a causal relationship cannot be assumed from an association because l________ or c________ variables may be present

lurking, confounding

a/an ________ of ________ can arise when a study is funded by a sponsor/employer with a/an ________ interest in a favourable outcome

conflict, interest, vested

________ error cannot be avoided and is a natural result of sampling ________

sampling, variability

sampling error is reduced by ________ the sample size

increasing

________ error arises from factors other than taking a sample, such as failing to represent groups within the population, self-selection, lack of follow up of non-respondents, question types, human error, social pressure, etc.

non-sampling

a 95% confidence interval is calculated for a ________ ________, an interval calculated either side of the ________ ________ within which the population mean should lie for 95% of samples

population parameter, sample statistic

the calculation for a confidence interval uses the ________ distribution theory, and is justified by the ________ ________ theorem

normal, central limit

a 95% confidence interval for a population ________ is x̄ ± 1.96 × s/√n

• x̄ = ________

• s = ________

• n = ________

mean, sample mean, sample standard deviation, sample size

a 95% confidence interval for a population ________ is p ± 1.96 × √((p×(1-p) / n)

• p = ________

• n = ________

proportion, sample proportion, sample size

a ________ __ ________ is added either side of a sample statistic to calculate the ________ ________

margin of error, confidence interval