encoding

5.2

encoding

first stage of memory
processing the info to prepare to be stored

shallow processing

basic, surface level processing

deep processing

processing based on meaning of the information
better retention of info

visual encoding

when visual stimuli are converted into mental representation that are then processed and stored

acoustic encoding

when auditory stimuli are converted into mental age representations that are then processed and stored

tactile encoding

when touch stimuli are converted into mental representations that are then processed and stored

organizational encoding

processing information in sequences or categories

elaborative encoding

processing information by connecting it to other previously learned information

semantic encoding

processing information by focusing on the meaning of the information

mass practice

trying to learn all the information at once (eg. cramming b4 a test)

distributed practice

learning all the information over a period of time
more effective!

spacing effect

observation: repetitions spaced in time tend to produce stronger memories than repetitions massed closer together in time

testing effect

testing helps understanding of the information and improve retention

rote rehearsal

continuously repeating the information to remember it
least effective

chunking

organizing information into meaningful groups
eg. acronyms, grouping

mnemonic device

linking images with information you are learning