KIN 217 - RNA synthesis regulation in bacteria and gene expression in eukaryotes - Chapter 36-37

RNA polymerase

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template is catalyzed by ___________________

elongates

RNA polymerase will help initiates and _________________ the RNA product

5' to 3'

Transcription chain grows in the __________ direction

mRNA

The strand that is used for protein synthesis and is made based off the template strand

DNA template strand / antisense

The RNA is complementary to the __________________ and is a requirement for RNA poly

Coding strand / sense

The DNA strand with the same sequence as the RNA product (U instead of T)

ribonucleoside triphosphates

there needs to be four ____________ _____________________ for RNA to function

Mg2+, Mn2+

divalent metal ions (usually _____ or _____) is needed for RNA poly

RNA poly I

This RNA poly is insensitive to the alpha amanitin / death mushroom toxin

RNA poly II

This RNA poly is very sensitive to alpha amanitin / death mushroom toxin

RNA poly III

this RNA poly is moderately sensitive to alpha amanitin / death mushroom toxin

rRNA

RNA poly I transcripts ______________

mRNA precursors

RNA poly II transcripts __________________

tRNA and some rRNA

RNA poly III transcripts _____________________

rRNA / ribosomal

has 4 sizes and combines with proteins to make ribosomes

tRNA / transfer

cloverleaf shape with an anticodon for mRNA and acceptor stem for amino acid

mRNA / messenger

genetic sequence of protein from DNA

true

multicellular organisms use differential gene regulation to generate different cell types

t or f

transcription regulation

gene expression in eukaryotes is influenced by complex _______________________

RNA processing

gene expression in eukaryotes is influenced by ____________________________, including extensive processing of mRNA precursors

nuclear membrane

gene expression in eukaryotes is influenced by the _________ which separates the site of RNA synthesis from that of protein synthesis

gene regulation

transcription process is the main way to control _________________________

initiation

binding of replication machinery (RNA poly and transcription factors)

promotor regions

replication machinery will bind to ________________ on DNA for initiation

elongation

complementary RNA copy of DNA made

termination

new transcript and RNA poly released

DNA sequences

This promoter is near the start point of the gene and bind transcription factors.

recognition unit

the DNA sequence is the _________________ for RNA polymerase

false

the DNA sequence varies on the placement on the DNA as the gene to be transcribed

t or f

true

the DNA sequence vary depending on the type of polymerase

t or f

RNA poly II promoter

a promoter that is known for being an upstream TATA box

initiator element /Inr

RNA poly II promoters has an ____________ at start site and paired with the TATA box

downstream core premotor element

a ________________________________ work in cooperation with Inr when there is no TATA box

CAAT, GC

other regulatory elements for RNA polymerase II promoters such as ______________and ___________ are located upstream the RNA

transcription factors

proteins that bind to promoter regions to regulate transcription

true

transcription factors diffuse away and react somewhere else when finsihed

t or f

general factors

forms RNA poly II complex (transcription factors II = TFIIA, TFIIB, etc)

sequence specific

co-activators or co-repressors transcription factors

TATA-box-binding-protein

A component of TFIID and bind to the TATA box forming a 'saddle' that other transcription factors bind to

RNA poly II

_____________________ also binds to the TBP to start transcription

TFIIH

______________ binding results in phosphorylation of RNA polymerase and transitions to the elongation phase

TFIIF

which transcription factor is left behind when the TBP becomes active

true

enhancer sequences are DNA sequences but not the same as promoter sequences

t or f

enhancer sequences

influences the strength of transcription

transcription activators

enhancer sequences operate in conjunction with enhancer-binding proteins called _________________

HACNS1

gene enhancer that shows late human evolution after split with chimpanzee ancestors
for foot/thumb evolution

response elements

nucleotide sequences that allow specific stimuli to control gene expression

SREBP

an example of response elements for cholesterol synthesis is

true

response elements can be part of promoters or enhancers

t or f

hormone receptors

nuclear ________________ bind to specific response elements of DNA

amino terminal activation

this highly conserved domain on nuclear hormone receptors enables receptor to interact with other proteins

zinc finger DNA

_________________ binding domains on nuclear hormone receptors is how the receptor interacts with DNA

hinge domain

the part that has a nuclear localization signal on a hormone receptor

ligand binding domain

the part of the hormone receptor that changes with structure with ligand binding to recruit other proteins to regulate transcription

coactivators

complexes of hormone receptor and ligand can recruit proteins called _______________ that stimulate transcription

unbound form

in the ______________ some hormone receptors bind to corepressors and inhibit transcription. the ligand binding releases corepressors for transcription

histones

DNA packaging includes wrapping around _________________ causing DNA to be not accessible

histone acetyltransferases

____________________________ get activated and transfer acetyl groups to lysine residues

negative DNA strand

histone acylation has a Lysine residue losing positive charge and loosen association with ____________

docking site

histone acylation also generates a ____________________ for transcription machinery

deacetylases

the process from histone acylation is reversible by ______________________