mental health continuum
looking at mental health using a scale, this suggests that there are degrees to mental health
prevalence
how common something is
why is it difficult to track changes in mental health prevalence
not all mental health problems are recorded trends rely on surveys which may not be accurate the symptoms used to record mental health over time chage
ICD
international classification of diseases the most widely used classification system for mental health issues
changes in ICD
anorexia nervosa {1970} homosexuality{1990}
stigma
A strong dissaproval for something
discrimination
to treat someone differently based on a perceived issue or problem
effects of stigma before a diagnosis
a negative stereotype may be triggered
effects of stigma after a diagnosis
self-fulfilling prophey
negative symptom of schizophrenia
a lack of behaviour's usually experienced by other people
positive symptom of schizophrenia
unusual behaviour's which aren't normally experienced by people
catatonia
a state of apparent unresponsiveness to external stimuli in a person who is apparently awake
social drift theory
there is relationship between social class and schizophrenia. Indidvidual's drift to the bottom of society when they have a mental health problem
biological explanation of schizophrenia
too many D2 receptors and so produce extremely high dopamine
brain structure for people with schizophrenia
restricted blood flow in the pre-frontal cortex temporal lobes are lower in volume less gray matter hippocampus is smaller
criticisms of social drift theory
There are problems with establishing cause and effect with this theory. Physical factors associated with low social classes may be the cause of schizophrenia. There may be a bias in diagnosis and there is too much focus on the role of society with this theory. Also, focusing on the interaction between the sufferer and society tends to ignore biological factors involved with schizophrenia. Finally, social drift theory doesn't explain how people get mental illnesses but only explains what happens afterwards
criticisms of the biological factors
ignores the effect of nature brain dysfunction could be the effect of schizophrenia and not the cause deterministic reductionist
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
-hallucinations -delusion -disorganized speech -social withdrawal -catatonic behaviour {doesn't respond} -Neologisms (breaks in train of thought)
key statistics for people with schizophrenia
British people of African or Caribbean background are more likely to be diagonsed than white people
how many participants for Daniel et al
10
cultural background of participants for Daniel et al
20% black, 80% white
iv and dv of Daniel et al
IV-Whether participants were given amphetamine or not DV-Performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test
findings of Daniel et al
when participants took amphetamine they performed better on WCST
criticisms of Daniel et al
small sample size cultural bias lacks temporal validity unethical to use brain scans unknown effects of haloperidol
key statistics of depression
4-10% of people in England will expereince depression{mostly people from disadvantaged backgrounds} people of asian origin are more likely to experience than people of black origin 33% females 19% males good recovey rate
Ellis model of depression
Activation event Beliefs Consequences
criticisms of ellis' theory
reductionist free will ignores nature
biological theory of depression
Depression is an evolutionary adaptation which helps us to adapt and survive
criticisms of the biological theory for depression
reductionist, as it suggest its that it is exclusive to people in low social rank fails to take into account all cases of depression fails to take into account other biological explanations
hypothesis for tandoc et al
higher levels of envy-more symptoms of depression
how did tandoc et al measure levels of envy
self-report
sample for tandoc et al
736 people with an average age of 19
findings of tandoc et al
Heavy FB use showed stronger feelings of envy. • Fb envy was a predictor of depression. • No relationship between frequency of FB use and depression. • FB surveillance has an indirect link as it increases envy which leads to depression. Therefore Using FB does not directly lead to depression, but can contribute to feelings of envy. Supports Social Rank Theory.
criticisms of tandoc et al
Cultural bias Age bias Social desirability bias lack of construct validity
what was used to scan the brain in Daniel et al
SPECT scan
when was the mental act
1959
explain jahoda
She said that mental health issues is a deviation from the ideal mental healthh which included Good mental health includes high self-esteem, self-actualisation, autonomy, accurate perception of reality (Jahoda, 1958).
how did tandoc et al measure the dv
rating 8 different items relating to envy on a 5-point Likert scale. Completed a depression scale (CES-D).