psychological problems

mental health continuum

looking at mental health using a scale, this suggests that there are degrees to mental health

prevalence

how common something is

why is it difficult to track changes in mental health prevalence

not all mental health problems are recorded trends rely on surveys which may not be accurate the symptoms used to record mental health over time chage

ICD

international classification of diseases the most widely used classification system for mental health issues

changes in ICD

anorexia nervosa {1970} homosexuality{1990}

stigma

A strong dissaproval for something

discrimination

to treat someone differently based on a perceived issue or problem

effects of stigma before a diagnosis

a negative stereotype may be triggered

effects of stigma after a diagnosis

self-fulfilling prophey

negative symptom of schizophrenia

a lack of behaviour's usually experienced by other people

positive symptom of schizophrenia

unusual behaviour's which aren't normally experienced by people

catatonia

a state of apparent unresponsiveness to external stimuli in a person who is apparently awake

social drift theory

there is relationship between social class and schizophrenia. Indidvidual's drift to the bottom of society when they have a mental health problem

biological explanation of schizophrenia

too many D2 receptors and so produce extremely high dopamine

brain structure for people with schizophrenia

restricted blood flow in the pre-frontal cortex temporal lobes are lower in volume less gray matter hippocampus is smaller

criticisms of social drift theory

There are problems with establishing cause and effect with this theory. Physical factors associated with low social classes may be the cause of schizophrenia. There may be a bias in diagnosis and there is too much focus on the role of society with this theory. Also, focusing on the interaction between the sufferer and society tends to ignore biological factors involved with schizophrenia. Finally, social drift theory doesn't explain how people get mental illnesses but only explains what happens afterwards

criticisms of the biological factors

ignores the effect of nature brain dysfunction could be the effect of schizophrenia and not the cause deterministic reductionist

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

-hallucinations -delusion -disorganized speech -social withdrawal -catatonic behaviour {doesn't respond} -Neologisms (breaks in train of thought)

key statistics for people with schizophrenia

British people of African or Caribbean background are more likely to be diagonsed than white people

how many participants for Daniel et al

10

cultural background of participants for Daniel et al

20% black, 80% white

iv and dv of Daniel et al

IV-Whether participants were given amphetamine or not DV-Performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test

findings of Daniel et al

when participants took amphetamine they performed better on WCST

criticisms of Daniel et al

small sample size cultural bias lacks temporal validity unethical to use brain scans unknown effects of haloperidol

key statistics of depression

4-10% of people in England will expereince depression{mostly people from disadvantaged backgrounds} people of asian origin are more likely to experience than people of black origin 33% females 19% males good recovey rate

Ellis model of depression

Activation event Beliefs Consequences

criticisms of ellis' theory

reductionist free will ignores nature

biological theory of depression

Depression is an evolutionary adaptation which helps us to adapt and survive

criticisms of the biological theory for depression

reductionist, as it suggest its that it is exclusive to people in low social rank fails to take into account all cases of depression fails to take into account other biological explanations

hypothesis for tandoc et al

higher levels of envy-more symptoms of depression

how did tandoc et al measure levels of envy

self-report

sample for tandoc et al

736 people with an average age of 19

findings of tandoc et al

Heavy FB use showed stronger feelings of envy. • Fb envy was a predictor of depression. • No relationship between frequency of FB use and depression. • FB surveillance has an indirect link as it increases envy which leads to depression. Therefore Using FB does not directly lead to depression, but can contribute to feelings of envy. Supports Social Rank Theory.

criticisms of tandoc et al

Cultural bias Age bias Social desirability bias lack of construct validity

what was used to scan the brain in Daniel et al

SPECT scan

when was the mental act

1959

explain jahoda

She said that mental health issues is a deviation from the ideal mental healthh which included Good mental health includes high self-esteem, self-actualisation, autonomy, accurate perception of reality (Jahoda, 1958).

how did tandoc et al measure the dv

rating 8 different items relating to envy on a 5-point Likert scale. Completed a depression scale (CES-D).