Chapter 6 - Introduction to Psychology

What is Learning?

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

When was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov alive?

1849 - 1936

What was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov famous for discovering?

Classical Conditioning

What is Classical Conditioning?

is a learning process where a person or animal learns to connect one thing with another

What is an example of Classical Conditioning?

learning to expect something (like food) when a certain signal (like a bell) happens

What is Associative Conditioning?

Associating stimuli. How will stimuli be grouped together and make connections

What is Pavlovian Conditioning?

when someone or something learns to link a neutral signal with an automatic response (another term for Classical Conditioning)

What was awarded to Ivan Petrovich Pavlov?

The 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology was awarded to Pavlov in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion in dogs.

What was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s occupation?

Russian physiologist (NOT a psychologist)

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

reliably elicits a specific automatic, involuntary, and innate response

Unconditioned Response (UR)

a specific automatic, involuntary, and innate response to a specific stimulus, which does not require learning to occur.

Unconditioned

the association made between the stimulus and response is innate or unlearned.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

is any stimulus that does not initially elicit the UR.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus, and comes to produce a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

a learned response, which results from the pairing of the NS & US and is produced by the CS

When was Ivan John B. Watson alive?

1878 - 1958

What did John B. Watson find?

Behaviorism

Behaviorism

Focus on observable events only

What study was John B. Watson famous for?

Little Albert

What year did the Little Albert Study take place?

1920

What was the Little Albert study?

The Little Albert study was an experiment that showed how people can learn to be afraid of something.

A baby named Albert was not scared of a white rat at first. But when the researchers made a loud noise every time he saw the rat, he started to cry and fear the rat. Later, he was even scared of other fuzzy things, like rabbits and coats.

It showed that fear can be learned by connecting something scary (the noise) with something harmless (the rat).

What was the Unconditioned Stimulus of the Little Albert study?

Loud Noise

What was the Unconditioned Response of the Little Albert study?

Cry

What was the Neutral Stimulus of the Little Albert study?

White Rat

What was the No Response of the Little Albert study?

No Crying

What was the Conditioned Taste Aversion

when you eat or drink something and then get sick, and afterward you avoid that food because it makes you feel sick just thinking about it.

Who created the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm (AKA 1 Trial Learning):

Garcia

What was the Unconditioned Stimulus in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm?

Poison (Lithium Chloride)

What was the Unconditioned Response in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm?

Illness

What was the Neutral Stimulus in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm?

Flavor of the food (Sugar Water)

What was the Conditioned Stimulus in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm?

Food

What was the Conditioned Response in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm?

Illness

What was the Conditioned Stimulus in the Little Albert study?

White Rat

What was the Conditioned Response in the Little Albert study?

Cry

Who created Operant Conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

What was the Skinner box

Operant Chamber

What is the Operant Chamber?

a small box used in psychology experiments to study animal behavior — especially how animals learn from rewards or punishments.

Who said, “A failure is not always a mistake, it may simply be the best one can do under the circumstances. The real mistake is to stop trying”

B.F. Skinner

What is Operant Conditioning?

Involves the modification of emitted or voluntary responses, through regards, punishments, and their consequences

What is Reinforcement?

Any event that increases the probability that a prior response will be repeated

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A procedure used to increase the probability of a response by following it with a positive reinforcer

What is a Positive Reinforcer?

Any stimulus whose presentation increases the probability that a response will be repeated.

What is Shaping?

The development of a new behavior by the successive reinforcement of closer approximations to the new behavior and the extinction of preceding approximation of the behavior

What initiates Extinction?

If a response occurs and is not reinforced

What is Extinction?

The withholding of a reinforcer following a previously reinforced response that weakens that probability of the response being repeated

What are the two Schedules o Reinforcement?

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) and Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement (PRF)

What is Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)?

The subject receives a reinforcer after every correct target response or desired behavior. This establishes a 1:1 relationship between the behavior and the reinforcer. This results in rapid learning for the subject and is used in shaping

What is Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement (PRF)?

This refers to the maintenance of a behavior by reinforcing it only occasionally rather than every time it occurs. While this schedule takes longer to learn, it tends to take longer to extinguish as well!

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A procedure used to increase the probability of a response by removing an averse stimulus after the response occurs

What is a Negative Reinforcer?

Any stimulus whose removal increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated

What is Punishment?

Any event that decreases the probability that a prior response will be repeated

What is Positive Punishment?

A procedure used to decrease the probability that a response will be repeating by presenting an aversive stimulus after the response has been emitted

What is a Positive Punisher?

Any stimulus whose presentation decreases the probability that a response will be repeated. This is typically an aversive stimulus

What is Negative Punishment also known as?

Time-Out

What is Negative Punishment?

A procedure used to decrease the probability that a response will be repeated. This is typically an aversive stimulus

What is a Negative Punisher?

Any stimulus whose removal decreases the probability that a response will be repeated. This is typically a stimulus that the subject likes or perceives to be pleasant

Stimulus is Present and the Behavior Increases

Positive Reinforcement

Stimulus is Removed and the Behavior Increases

Negative Reinforcement

Stimulus is Present and the Behavior Decreases

Positive Punishment

Stimulus is Removed and the Behavior Decreases

Negative Punishment (Time-Out)

Who founded Observational Learning?

Albert Bandura

When was Albert Bandura alive?

1925-2021

Who said “Reinforcement is not always necessary for learning to occur”

Albert Bandura

Just about everything we do is a learned behavior, however, we learned most of it from __________

Simply watching other people

What is Observational Learning also known as?

Modeling, or Social Learning, or Vicarious Learning

What is Observational Learning?

learning by watching others and then copying their behavior.

Step 1 of Pavlov’s Conditioning Paradigm

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) —→ Unconditioned Response (UR)

Step 2 of Pavlov’s Conditioning Paradigm

Neutral Stimulus (NS) —→ No Response

Step 3 of Pavlov’s Conditioning Paradigm

Neutral Stimulus + Unconditoned Stimulis —→ Unconditioned Response (UR) (Repeat!)

Step 4 of Pavlov’s Conditioning Paradigm

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) —→ Conditioned Response (CR)