S. 3. 1.-Recognize basic atomic structure

Atom

fundamental constituent of matter that retains the properties of an element/ the smallest unit that has a unique identity

Periodic table

There are 118 elements arraigned in the this(the table of elements expressed as columns and rows), starting with hydrogen(has one proton) and increasing proton numbers for each subsequent element

Proton

positively charged atomic particle

protons, neutrons, electrons

Although atoms have distinct properties, all are composed of the same three subatomic particles:

Neutrons

atomic particle with no electric charge

Electrons

negatively charged atomic particle

Atoms

These undergo chemical reactions by gaining or losing electrons to achieve stability/ their properties can be inferred by its position on the periodic table

Valence electrons

An atom's properties relate to the numbers of these in the atom's outermost shell

Atoms

These can lose, gain, or share electrons to make a variety of chemical bonds of varying strengths and properties

Nucleus

Atoms have a structure consisting of this(central part of an atom that contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons

Electrons

Surrounding the atom's nucleus are negatively charged these which exist in an electron cloud surrounding the nucleus

Protons

The negative electrons are held in shells- or energy levels- by their attraction to the positively charged these in the nucleus and increase in energy with distance from the nucleus

Protons

Each type of atom will always have the same number of these

6

How many protons does carbon have in

Isotopes

The number of neutrons in different atoms of the same element can vary, and these atoms are called these/atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same numbers of protons and electrons

Atomic mass

the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element/ is determined by the number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus

Electrons

These are so small their mass does not significantly add to the mass of the atom

12 atomic mass units(amu)

Carbon atom: 6 protons + 6 neutrons=

Isotope carbon

A carbon with 7 neutrons is what. They would end up with an atomic mass(amu) of 13(6 protons + 7 neutrons)

Atomic number

The number of protons gives this of an atom

Atomic mass

The numbers of protons plus neutrons equals the this of the atom

Neutral atoms

These have equal numbers of protons and electrons

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Proton

positively charged particle(+1) and has an amu of 1

Neutron

no charge particle and has an amu of 1

Electron

negatively charged particle(-1) and has an amu of 0

Ions

atoms with a positive or negative charge

Lose

sodium(Na) atom is made up of 11 protons and 12 neutrons in its nucleus and 11 electrons surrounding the nucleus. Because it has a single electron in its outer shell, sodium is likely to lose or gain an electron

Na+ (It has a positive charge because it now has more protons than electrons)

A sodium atom that has lost an electron becomes a charged sodium ion and is written how

Gain

Chlorine(Cl) atom has 17 protons and either 18 or 20 neutrons in its nucleus, and 17 electrons in the cloud around its nucleus. Because a chlorine atom has a nearly full outer shell, it is likely to lose or gain an electron

Cl-

A chlorine atom that has gained an electron becomes a charged chlorine ion and is written how

Periodic table

arranges atoms from left to right by increasing atomic number(number of protons)

Atoms

These are neutral, so the number of protons equals the number of orbiting electrons

Integer

The atomic number is shown as this in the periodic table

The element

To identify the number of electrons and protons, look at the integer shown with what

Isotopes

Atomic masses on the periodic table are shown in decimal form to account for the natural abundance of the element's various what

Atomic mass

This shown on the periodic table is determined by the percentage of each isotope found in nature for that particular atom

Groups

The periodic table puts elements with similar properties in the same vertical columns called these(column of elements on the periodic table

Valence(bonding) electrons

This grouping of atoms by properties reflects the fact that the elements in each group have the same number of these

Periods

The rows in the periodic table are referred to as these(one of seven horizontal rows in the periodic tables), and they indicate the outermost shell of an atom

Orbitals

Depending on the number of the period, there are different numbers of these(an area around the nucleus where an electron can be found) that can accommodate different electron numbers

2

an s orbital can accommodate a maximum of how many electrons at a time

S orbital

This orbital is closest to the nucleus

Hydrogen and helium

These elements only have an s orbital that can hold a total of two electrons

Periods

These represent large electron highways with multiple orbital lanes

Period 1

Which low-energy level period has one s orbital with a maximum of two electrons allowed

Period 2

Which period has two orbitals: s and p

6

How many electrons can the p orbital hold

8

How many electrons can period 2 hold

Period 3

Which period has three orbitals: s, p, and d

10

How many electrons can the d orbital hold

18 electrons

How many electrons can period 3 hold

Period 4

Which period has 4 orbitals: s, p, d, f

14

How may elections can the f orbital hold

32

How many electrons can the period 4 hold

Valence electrons

electrons are in the outermost shell of an atom and participate in chemical reactions(or bonding)

stability

Because atoms are most stable when they have a full valence shell, atoms are most likely to move toward what

Nobel gases

like helium and neon, these have full valence shells and are quite stable. They do not react with other atoms because they are so stable. Because they are stable, they are also called inert gases

Ions

Other atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve full valence shells, forming charged atoms called what

Nonmetals

Gaining electrons typically happens in atoms with valences greater than 4-usually these(any element or substance that is not a metal)

Metals

losing electrons typically happens in atoms with valences greater than less than 4-usually these(a substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides)

Anions

elements in group 15 will gain 3 electrons and become negatively charged ions called what

-3 charge

Nitrogen- which has 7 protons and electrons in a neutral atom- will gain 3 electrons to fill its valence shell. It will have a what kind of charge (7 protons and 10 neutral atom)

Cations

Electrons are donated by atoms that prefer to lose electrons, becoming positively charged ions called what

Ionic bonds

Bonds that are formed by transfer of electrons between atoms are called what(bond between two oppositely charged ions

soluble in water and conduct electricity

compounds with ionic bonds are capable of what. These compounds are called ionic compounds

Compounds

substance made of two or more elements

Negatively charged

Sodium loses 1 electron to fill its outer shell, giving it a +1 charge. Chlorine gains an electron to fill its outer shell(taking 1 electron from sodium) giving it a -1 charge. The now positively charged sodium ion is attracted to what tyep of charged chloride ion

Electrons

Atoms can also share these to achieve stability

Covalent bonds

It takes two electrons to make one bond, so there are known as what(a chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms)- They are typically formed between two p-block elements