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Significance of the high melting point/boiling point of water?
Water remains fluid through a large range of temperatures
Significance of water expanding from 4 degrees to 0 degrees Celcius?
Ice floats, and water freezes from the top down, allowing life to continue underneath
Significance of water's high surface tension?
Insects can walk on water
Significance of water's high specific heat capacity?
Water can moderate temperatures changes in organisms and the environment by absorbing or releasing a lot of thermal energy without changing its own temperature much
Significance of water not mixing with nonpolar compounds?
Organisms can store nonpolar substances (fats and oils), leaves can use their wax coating to retain water
The water cycle
The flow of water above/on/below the Earth's surface
Transpiration
The evaporation of water from plant leaves
Aquifer
A layer of underground rock that holds water
Potable water
Water that is suitable for human consumption
Phase
Part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
Heterogenous mixture
A mixture with unevenly distributed substances; a mixture with 2+ phases
Solution
A mixture where components are evenly distributed; a mixture with only 1 phase
Concentration
The ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent
Concentrated solution
A solution with a relatively large amount of dissolved solute per unit volume
Dilute solution
A solution with a relatively small amount of dissolved solute per unit volume of solution
Alloy
A solution of two or more metals
Amalgam
An alloy of mercury and one other metal
Aqueous solution
A solution where water is the solvent
Dissociation
The separation of individual ions from an ionic crystal lattice
Hydration
The process of water molecules surrounding an ion
Miscible
Describes substances that can mix to form a solution (typically liquids mixing in all proportions)
Immiscible
Describes substances that do not mix with each other
Surfactant
A compound that reduces the surface tension of the liquid it is dissolved in (typically water)
Hydrophobic
Water-fearing (tends to form droplets in water)
Hydrophilic
Water-loving
Solubility
The ability of a substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure (measured per 100g H2O)
Saturated solution
A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute
Unsaturated solution
A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute
Supersaturated solution
A solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute; only possible in special circumstances
Solubility curve
A graph showing the solubility of a substance over a range of temperatures
Crystallization
The process of a solid compound separating from a solution
Thermal pollution
An increase in water temperature due to warm industrial water being discharged into an ecosystem
The difference between the point below and on a solubility curve
The additional mass of solute required to saturated the solution
The difference between the point above and on a solubility curve
The mass of solute that will crystallize out of a solution
Dissolving rate
The speed at which a solute dissolves, affected by stirring, temperature, and particle size of the solute
Amount concentration
The amount (mol) of solute dissolved per L of solution
Stock solution
A concentrated solution intended to be diluted before use
Standard solution
A solution with an exact known concentration
Parts per million
(mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g)) x 10^6
Parts per billion
(mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g)) x 10^9
Dilution
The process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent
Volumetric
Measures only only one specific volume
Graduated
Measuring a wide range of volumes
Acid reactions
React with metals to produce hydrogen gas, react with carbonate compounds to produce carbon dioxide
Base reactions
React with carbon dioxide to produce carbonate compounds, react with fats and oils to produce soap
Ionization
The formation of ions from uncharged molecules
Acid (Arrhenius theory)
A substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water
Base (Arrhenius theory)
A substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water
Acid (Bronsted-Lowry theory)
A molecule that can give up/donate a hydrogen ion
Base (Bronsted-Lowry theory)
A molecule/ion that can combine with/accept a hydrogen ion
Strong acid/base
A substance that ionizes/dissolves completely in water
Weak acid/base
A substance that ionizes/dissolves only partially in water
Titration
The process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by using a standard solution
Titrant
The standard solution in the burette during a titration
Equivalence point
The point during a titration when neutralization is complete
Endpoint
The point during a titration when a sudden, observable property change occurs
Primary standard
A very pure and stable chemical, used to determine concentration of a standard solution