SCH3UE-1 - Unit 4: Solutions and Solubility

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57 Terms

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Significance of the high melting point/boiling point of water?

Water remains fluid through a large range of temperatures

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Significance of water expanding from 4 degrees to 0 degrees Celcius?

Ice floats, and water freezes from the top down, allowing life to continue underneath

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Significance of water's high surface tension?

Insects can walk on water

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Significance of water's high specific heat capacity?

Water can moderate temperatures changes in organisms and the environment by absorbing or releasing a lot of thermal energy without changing its own temperature much

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Significance of water not mixing with nonpolar compounds?

Organisms can store nonpolar substances (fats and oils), leaves can use their wax coating to retain water

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The water cycle

The flow of water above/on/below the Earth's surface

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Transpiration

The evaporation of water from plant leaves

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Aquifer

A layer of underground rock that holds water

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Potable water

Water that is suitable for human consumption

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Phase

Part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

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Heterogenous mixture

A mixture with unevenly distributed substances; a mixture with 2+ phases

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Solution

A mixture where components are evenly distributed; a mixture with only 1 phase

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Concentration

The ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent

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Concentrated solution

A solution with a relatively large amount of dissolved solute per unit volume

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Dilute solution

A solution with a relatively small amount of dissolved solute per unit volume of solution

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Alloy

A solution of two or more metals

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Amalgam

An alloy of mercury and one other metal

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Aqueous solution

A solution where water is the solvent

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Dissociation

The separation of individual ions from an ionic crystal lattice

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Hydration

The process of water molecules surrounding an ion

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Miscible

Describes substances that can mix to form a solution (typically liquids mixing in all proportions)

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Immiscible

Describes substances that do not mix with each other

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Surfactant

A compound that reduces the surface tension of the liquid it is dissolved in (typically water)

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Hydrophobic

Water-fearing (tends to form droplets in water)

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Hydrophilic

Water-loving

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Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure (measured per 100g H2O)

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Saturated solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute

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Unsaturated solution

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute

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Supersaturated solution

A solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute; only possible in special circumstances

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Solubility curve

A graph showing the solubility of a substance over a range of temperatures

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Crystallization

The process of a solid compound separating from a solution

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Thermal pollution

An increase in water temperature due to warm industrial water being discharged into an ecosystem

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The difference between the point below and on a solubility curve

The additional mass of solute required to saturated the solution

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The difference between the point above and on a solubility curve

The mass of solute that will crystallize out of a solution

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Dissolving rate

The speed at which a solute dissolves, affected by stirring, temperature, and particle size of the solute

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Amount concentration

The amount (mol) of solute dissolved per L of solution

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Stock solution

A concentrated solution intended to be diluted before use

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Standard solution

A solution with an exact known concentration

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Parts per million

(mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g)) x 10^6

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Parts per billion

(mass of solute (g) / mass of solution (g)) x 10^9

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Dilution

The process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent

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Volumetric

Measures only only one specific volume

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Graduated

Measuring a wide range of volumes

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Acid reactions

React with metals to produce hydrogen gas, react with carbonate compounds to produce carbon dioxide

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Base reactions

React with carbon dioxide to produce carbonate compounds, react with fats and oils to produce soap

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Ionization

The formation of ions from uncharged molecules

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Acid (Arrhenius theory)

A substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water

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Base (Arrhenius theory)

A substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water

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Acid (Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A molecule that can give up/donate a hydrogen ion

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Base (Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A molecule/ion that can combine with/accept a hydrogen ion

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Strong acid/base

A substance that ionizes/dissolves completely in water

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Weak acid/base

A substance that ionizes/dissolves only partially in water

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Titration

The process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by using a standard solution

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Titrant

The standard solution in the burette during a titration

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Equivalence point

The point during a titration when neutralization is complete

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Endpoint

The point during a titration when a sudden, observable property change occurs

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Primary standard

A very pure and stable chemical, used to determine concentration of a standard solution