Development of Philippine Music, Arts, and Theater in the Revolutionary and American Periods

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, historical figures, art forms, music concepts, dances, and theater developments in the Philippines during the Revolutionary and American periods.

Timbre

The element of music that refers to sound color.

Nationalism

The love for one's country and devotion to its independence and unity.

Marcelo Adonay

A self-taught conductor, composer, teacher, and maestro de capella at San Agustin Church who conducted Beethoven's Missa Solemnis in D Major in the Philippines in 1887.

Union Artistica Musical

Founded in 1885, it was the first union of musicians in the Philippines.

Ladislao Bonus

A self-taught musician known as the 'Father of the Filipino Opera' who founded an all-Filipino opera company performing works like Lucrezia Borgia and La traviata.

Julián Felipe

The Cavite-born composer of 'Marcha Magdalo' (later known as 'Himno Nacional Filipino'), which became the Philippine national anthem.

Julio Nakpil

A self-taught pianist and composer born in Quiapo who joined the Katipunan under the name J. Giliw and married Gregoria de Jesús in 1898.

Banda Zabat

The first local band organized in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, on November 22, 1820, by Tagalog priest Eliodoro Chico y Bustamante.

Kundiman

A 19th-century Filipino art song written in triple time that starts in a minor key and ends in the parallel major key.

Jocelynang Baliwag

Known as the 'Kundiman ng Himagsikan,' a song expressing love for both the nation and Jocelyna Tiongson from Bulacan, with stanzas spelling out her nickname 'Pepita'.

Ati-Atihan Festival

Recognized as the oldest festival in the Philippines, celebrated in Aklan in honor of the Sto. Niño and featuring the Sadsad street parade.

Sadsad

A street parade highlight during the Ati-Atihan Festival where people dance in tribal costumes with black face and body paint.

Pastores

A Filipino Christmas dance rooted in religious practice depicting the shepherds' visit to the stable where Christ was born.

Sayaw ng Bati

An Easter dawn dance performed in Angono, Rizal, during the Salubong by two women carrying a sacred 'Alleluia' flag.

Bali

A dance movement in the Sayaw ng Bati, also known as kiling, where the dancer bends the torso from the waist to one side and turns in a circular motion.

Ilustrados

The 'enlightened ones,' a 19th-century social class of wealthy native Filipinos whose local and international education influenced arts and culture.

Miniaturismo

A portraiture painting style involving careful attention to detailed depictions of faces, clothing, embroidery, accessories, and furnishings.

Paisajes

A staple art subject type commonly known as landscape paintings that showcase views of nature.

Bodegones

A painting style depicting still life composed of inanimate objects such as human-made items, fruits, flowers, food, and wine.

Letras y Figuras

An art style developed by José Honorato Lozano that forms letters and names using human figures, animals, plants, and landscapes.

Claveria Decree of 1849

A decree requiring Filipinos to use Spanish surnames, which contributed to the popularity of Letras y Figuras paintings.

Tipos del País

A genre of painting and sculpture depicting local people of various social classes, ethnic groups, and occupations in traditional attire.

Damián Domingo

A Filipino-Chinese artist known for his Tipos del País paintings and for founding the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in Binondo.

Academia de Dibujo y Pintura

The first art school in the Philippines, established in Binondo by Damián Domingo.

Spoliarium

A massive painting by Juan Luna measuring 5.77 meters by 7.05 meters that won the first gold medal at the 1884 Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid.

Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho

A painting by Félix Resurrección Hidalgo measuring 1.15 meters by 1.57 meters that won a silver medal at the 1884 Madrid exposition.

Santos

Sculptures depicting Christian saints and personalities carved from hardwood or imported ivory to decorate churches and homes.

Retablos

Large, carved altarpieces displayed at the front of a church congregation to hold patron santos.

Relieves

Carved relief sculptures seen in churches that served as visual aids for devotees praying the Station of the Cross.

Mariano Madriñan

A wood-carver from Paete, Laguna, who won a gold medal at the 1883 Amsterdam Exposition for his sculpture Mater Dolorosa.

Theater

A collaborative art form in which live actors perform a story on stage in front of a live audience using dialogue, movement, music, and props.

Komedya

A theatrical play introduced by the Spaniards in the 17th century featuring elaborate costumes, verse dialogue, and stylized movements.

Moro-moro

A regional type of komedya dramatizing battles between Christians and Muslims, usually portraying Christian victories.

Playlets

Short plays about various teachings and stories of the Catholic Church, often focused on Jesus Christ and patron saints.

Senakulo

An 18th-century Lenten play written in verse or prose dramatizing Christian salvation from creation to Christ's death and resurrection.

Sarsuwela

A Filipinized musical theater form featuring prose dialogue, singing, and dancing to depict social, domestic, and romantic themes.

Sainete

Comical skits with songs used as opening acts or intermission numbers during komedyas.

Drama (Philippine Theater)

A theatrical form featuring everyday language and local stories, where songs express overall themes rather than progressing dialogue.

Triumvirate of Filipino Composers

The group of influential 20th-century composers consisting of Francisco Santiago, Nicanor Abelardo, and Antonio J. Molina.

Francisco Santiago

The 'Father of Kundiman Art Song' and first Filipino with a doctorate in music composition, composer of 'Kundiman, Anak-Dalita' and 'Concerto in B-flat minor'.

Nicanor Abelardo

A prolific composer regarded as the 'Father of Music Modernism' in the Philippines who composed 'UP Beloved' and 'Mutya ng Pasig'.

Antonio J. Molina

The first composer conferred as National Artist of the Philippines for Music (1973), famous for 'Hatinggabi' and incorporating ethnic instruments into classical compositions.

Foxtrot

A ballroom dance in quadruple meter (4/4 time) featuring smooth, flowing movements and step combinations of slow and quick steps.

Tap Dance

A dance form in quadruple meter featuring percussive sounds created by metal taps on specialized shoes, with a strong focus on syncopation.

Syncopation

A musical and rhythmic technique that occurs when a weak beat or off-beat is accented.

Charleston

A fast dance named after Charleston, South Carolina, performed in quadruple meter with characteristic syncopation similar to the habanera.

Bayani Casimiro

A tap dancer and vaudeville performer nicknamed 'The Fred Astaire of the Philippines'.

Lubov Adameit

A Polish ballet teacher who moved to Manila in 1927 and founded the Cosmopolitan Ballet and Dancing School.

Centro de Artistas

An organization formed on February 11, 1904, by painters, sculptors, musicians, and writers to provide art education and organize public cultural programs.

Victorio Edades

The 'Father of Philippine Modernism' who introduced Post-Impressionist and Expressionist styles with rough, distorted forms in works like 'The Builders' (1928).

Fernando Amorsolo

A master painter renowned for his soft natural tropical lighting, rural genre scenes like 'Planting Rice', and iconic portraiture.

Eusebio Nievera Sr.

The first Filipino to win an international photography award (1911) in a contest by the American Society of Photographers.

Rizal National Monument

A Luneta monument entitled 'Motto Stella' inaugurated on December 30, 1913, designed by Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling.

Bonifacio Monument

A multi-figure sculpture in Caloocan designed by Guillermo Tolentino that won first prize in a 1930 National Museum contest.

Advertising Arts

A branch of visual arts designed to inform and encourage people to purchase products or support ideas through paid media promotions.

Bodabil

The Filipinized form of vaudeville featuring comedy skits, singing, dancing, and magic acts, which originated as intermission numbers during sarsuwelas.

Legitimate Theater

Formal, scripted theatrical productions staged in dedicated theaters where audiences purchase tickets, separate from community festivals.

A Modern Filipina

An early 1915 play written in English by Jesusa Araullo and Lino Castillejo from the Philippine Normal College.

The Husband of Mrs. Cruz

A 1929 one-act English play written by Vidal Tan about a man struggling with his role after his wife achieves political power.