Studied by 3 peopleTotal Lung Capacity (TLC)
maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
Tidal Volume (TV)
volume of normal involuntary breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
Vital capcity (VC)
The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible.
cilia
tiny hair like system that move mucus towards the throat, this sends all pathogens to the stomach to be killed
gastroesophageal sphincter
Muscle that connects the esophagus and stomach, and helps keep the stomach from entering the esophagus
layers of the stomach
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
self digestion
the body tries to prevent this by secreting thick layer of mucus for a protective coat that prevents gastric juice from reaching cells of the stomach wall - the alkalinity of mucus helps neutralize the hydrochloric acid
chyme
mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food
stomach ulcers
the bacteria Helicobacter pylori can survive stomach acid, they move in the mucosa and prevent cells from making mucus which can burn the stomach lining
structure of villi
capillary wall and lacteal which is connected to the lymphatic system
villi
Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption
human blood contains 2 components:
cellular component: red and white blood cells, platelets intercellular matrix: plasma
plasma is made up of:
CO2, O2, proteins, nutrients, molecules, and waste
macrophages
these destroy red blood cells once theyre too old
left side of heart is:
oxygenated blood
types of teeth in the human mouth
incisors, canines, premolars and molars
bolus
A soft mass of chewed food.
pharyngeal muscles
muscles that contract involuntarily to force bolus down esophagus, this process is called peristalsis
epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
gastric juice
contains pepsin pepsinogen which are enzymes that digest protein.
intrinsic factor
A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
duodenum
small intestine, bile and pancreatic juice added.
jejunum
small intestine, intestinal glands release carbohydrase and peptidase
ileum
the last and longest portion of the small intestine
external intercostal muscles
A muscle that raises the rib cage, decreasing pressure inside the chest cavity
atria
upper chambers of the heart, they receive blood from the veins and have thinner walls
ventricle
lower chamber of the heart, they receive blood from the atria and pump it into the arteries
left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body
right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
anterior
towards the head
posterior
toward the hind end
dorsal
the upper surface/back
ventral
the lower surface/belly
lateral
the sides
superficial
close to the surface
proximal
close to
distal
far from
pectoral
the shoulder area
pelvic
the hip area
sagittal plane
transverse plane
a male pig has
swelling, at the posterior end of the body between the upper ends of the hind legs
urogenital opening is found posterior to the umbilical chord
penis is seen or felt under skin, protruding through urogenital opening
a female pig has
urogenital opening is situated ventral to the anus opening
small fleshy genital tubercle projects from the urogenital aperture
week of gestation of a pig can be determined by
measuring the snout to base of the tail
how many lobes does a pig liver have
4
how many lobes of the right and left lung does a pig have
the left has 2 lobes and the right has 4
membrane covering the heart
pericardium
a pig umbilical chord has
2 arteries and 1 vein
how does the trachea and esophagus differ
the trachea is longer and has 2 parts, the esophagus has 3 parts
Note
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