Bio 11 - Human System

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

Tidal Volume (TV)

volume of normal involuntary breath

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Vital capcity (VC)

The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible.

cilia

tiny hair like system that move mucus towards the throat, this sends all pathogens to the stomach to be killed

gastroesophageal sphincter

Muscle that connects the esophagus and stomach, and helps keep the stomach from entering the esophagus

layers of the stomach

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

self digestion

the body tries to prevent this by secreting thick layer of mucus for a protective coat that prevents gastric juice from reaching cells of the stomach wall - the alkalinity of mucus helps neutralize the hydrochloric acid

chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

stomach ulcers

the bacteria Helicobacter pylori can survive stomach acid, they move in the mucosa and prevent cells from making mucus which can burn the stomach lining

structure of villi

capillary wall and lacteal which is connected to the lymphatic system

villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

human blood contains 2 components:

cellular component: red and white blood cells, platelets
intercellular matrix: plasma

plasma is made up of:

CO2, O2, proteins, nutrients, molecules, and waste

macrophages

these destroy red blood cells once theyre too old

left side of heart is:

oxygenated blood

types of teeth in the human mouth

incisors, canines, premolars and molars

bolus

A soft mass of chewed food.

pharyngeal muscles

muscles that contract involuntarily to force bolus down esophagus, this process is called peristalsis

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

gastric juice

contains pepsin pepsinogen which are enzymes that digest protein.

intrinsic factor

A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.

duodenum

small intestine, bile and pancreatic juice added.

jejunum

small intestine, intestinal glands release carbohydrase and peptidase

ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine

external intercostal muscles

A muscle that raises the rib cage, decreasing pressure inside the chest cavity

atria

upper chambers of the heart, they receive blood from the veins and have thinner walls

ventricle

lower chamber of the heart, they receive blood from the atria and pump it into the arteries

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

anterior

towards the head

posterior

toward the hind end

dorsal

the upper surface/back

ventral

the lower surface/belly

lateral

the sides

superficial

close to the surface

proximal

close to

distal

far from

pectoral

the shoulder area

pelvic

the hip area

sagittal plane

\

transverse plane

a male pig has

* swelling, at the posterior end of the body between the upper ends of the hind legs
* urogenital opening is found posterior to the umbilical chord
* penis is seen or felt under skin, protruding through urogenital opening

a female pig has

* urogenital opening is situated ventral to the anus opening
* small fleshy genital tubercle projects from the urogenital aperture

week of gestation of a pig can be determined by

measuring the snout to base of the tail

how many lobes does a pig liver have

4

how many lobes of the right and left lung does a pig have

the left has 2 lobes and the right has 4

membrane covering the heart

pericardium

a pig umbilical chord has

2 arteries and 1 vein

how does the trachea and esophagus differ

the trachea is longer and has 2 parts, the esophagus has 3 parts