Sawey: Contemporary Issues in Biology + Lab Exam 1

-if it starts with an "H"

virus

-if it doesn't start with an "H" (HIV, Hep B, Hep C, HPV, Herpes)

bacteria

-chlamydia is bacteria (t/f)

true

-herpes can be cured by antibiotics (t/f)

false

-syphillis is a virus (t/f)

false

-you can't get an sti if you've only had one partner (t/f)

false

-hpv can increase risk of cervical cancer (t/f)

true

-thalidomide was used to treat morning sickness (t/f)

true

-in us thalidomide caused seal limbs (t/f)

false

-shouldn't take vitamins with folic acid (t/f)

false

-safe to smoke 5x a week when pregnant (t/f)

false

-if you're healthy pregnant you can wait to see the doctor til the 2nd trimester (t/f)

false

-_____ are caused by

-viruses

-bacteria

-other organisms such as protozoans or body lice

STI's

-infections caused by _________

-gonorrehea

-syphilis

-chlamydia

bacteria

-how to treat a virus

treat symptoms only

-how to treat bacteria

antibiotics

-two parts of breast milk

foremilk, hindmilk

-radiation

-infection/virus

-metabolic conditions

-drugs and chemicals

teratogens

-babies receive _________ directly from the mother both during pregnancy and while breastfeeding

antibodies

-effects of one teratogen" thalidomide

seal like limbs

-never allowed in the US

-teratogen

-used to treat morning sickness and nauseau

-resulted in seal like limbs

thalidomide

-father of biology

aristotle

-observation -> hypotheses -> tests of hypotheses -> results

scientific method

-given placebo

-the variable being tested is absent

-compile results

control group

-given drug

-the variable being tested is present

-compile results

experimental group

-scientists in the field give anonymous reviews, accepting or rejecting the paper for publication

-the reviewers cannot have any personal or professional relationship with the authors

peer review and publishing process

-results become a part of the general knowledge only after they are published in this

scientific journal

-a system of ideas or misconceptions erroneously regarded as science

pseudoscience

-why is the us government still spending billions of dollars funding scientific research?

-why can nonscientists have confidence in the information published in the reputable (time magazine, new york times, smithsonian)?

-if you had to design a study to investigate the effects of a new drug on human health, what type of design would you use and how does it work?

-site of gamete formation (sperm or spermatozoa) and testosterone production

-contains many coiled tubes called seminferous tubules

-located in the scrotum which suspends the ______ outside of the body cavity where they are kept cooler than normal body temperature

testis (testes)

-site of sperm cell during maturation

-a chamber sitting on top of each testis

-sperm are stored and mature inside it

epididymis

-during sexual activity, sperm cells travel from the epididymis up the right and left ____ _________ into the body cavity

-loops over the unreters of the urinary system and arrive at the prostate gland

-the sperm then travel into a "tunnel" through prostate gland called the ejaculatory duct

vas deferens

-produced in seminiferous tubules in testes -> stored in epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra

pathway of sperm

-accessory glands

-mucus and fructose

-nourishment for sperm

seminal vesicles

-accessory glands

-thin milky white fluid that contains nutrients for sperm

prostate gland

-accessory glands

-clear lubricating fluid that is alkaline and neutralizes the acid environment of the penile urethra

bulbourethral glands (cowper's gland)

-sperm from testicles

-fluid from seminal vesicles

-fluid from prostate gland

-fluid from bulbourethral glands (cowper's gland)

composition of semen

-the pituitary gland produces these

follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh)

-follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) -luteinizing hormone (lh)

-hormones that travel through the bloodstream to the testes where they cause the cells of the seminiferous tubules to begin producing the male gametes (sperm)

-stimulate the testes to begin production of testosterone

-travels from the testes through the bloodstream where it targets many tissues throughout the body

-responsible for male secondary sex characteristics

-stimulates growth of many body tissues including muscle, bone, and cartilage, as well as influencing male sex behavior and aggression

testosterone

-when testosterone levels rise due to the action of FSH and LH

-the testosterone has an inhibiting effect on the pituitary which causes FSH and LH to decline

-eventually leading to a decline in testosterone production

-if testosterone becomes too low, the negative feedback stops and the pituitary responds by producing more FSH and LH which causes testosterone production to increase

-this process keeps testosterone and sperm production under control and at a relatively constant level

-basically in works somewhat like a thermostat and the temperature in your house

negative feedback

-size of walnut until about 50 years old

-urethra open

normal prostate

-after 50 years of age, can enlarge to size of lemon/peach

-urethra squeezed

-restricts the urethra which can cause difficulty when urinating

-dilates bladder

-dilates ureters

-causes discomfort

enlarged prostate

-located below the urinary bladder and the urethra passes through

prostate gland

-treatment for an enlarged prostate

-in this process, a resectoscope is inserted into the penile urethra up to the enlarged prostate

-electrical loop is extended which removes excessive prostate tissue, opening up the urethral orifice

transurethral resection of the prostate

-17% of men will be diagnosed with this during their lifetime

-3% of men will die from this disease

-second most common form of cancer in men (after skin cancer)

-second most common cause of cancer death (after lung cancer)

-slow growing

-kills if the cells leave the area and spread throughout the body through the lymph and circulatory system (metastatic)

prostate cancer

-age

-ancestry

-family history

-farmers

prostate cancer risk factors

-the risk of prostate cancer increases as a man _______

ages

-this group has the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer

african americans

-vasectomies

-bicycling

-sexual frequency

factors not causing prostate cancer

-goal is to detect prostate cancer in the __________ stage of the disease

earliest

-refers to the fingers of the hand

digital (rectal exam)

-what age do you start annual digital rectal exams?

40

-in what exam do physicians feel for marble-sized tumors

digital rectal exam

-an antigen is a type of protein

-tests for protein in blood that reflects abnormal increases in the prostate

prostate specific antigen (PSA) test

-PSA levels increase with ____ and temporarily after ___________

age, ejaculation

-ultrasound probe inserted through anus

-biopsy needles injected into prostate from rectum

-attempting to detect cancer in stage A

-analysis of cancer spread and cell type (Gleason Scale)

needle biopsy for prostate cancer if PSA is abnormally high

-a system of grading prostate cancer tissue based on how it looks under a microscope

-range from 2-10 and indicate how likely it is that a tumor will spread

-low score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue and the tumor is less likely to spread

-high score means the cancer tissue is very different from normal and the tumor is more likely to spread

gleason score

-blood in your urine (almost all patients)

-blood in your semen which can last for up to six weeks posing no problem for sex partner (almost all)

-blood in your stools from bowel (almost all)

-discomfort in your prostate from bruising due to biopsies (1 in 2 & 1 in 10 patients)

-infection in your urine requiring antibiotics (1 in 10 patients 10%)

-temporary problems with erections caused by bruising from the biopsies (1 in 20 patients 5%)

after effects of prostate biopsy

-what is more prevalent? prostate or lung cancer?

prostate

-what cancer has a higher death rate? prostate or lung cancer?

lung

-is prostate or lung cancer more deadly?

lung

-a prostate surgery

-complete removal of prostate gland

-most effective way to cure prostate cancer

radical prostatectomy

-a prostate surgery

-leaves prostate tissue near nerves

nerve-spring prostatectomy

-incontinence (most men eventually regain control of bladder function)

-impotence (some men never regain normal sexual function)

side effects of surgeries (because of nerve damage)

-alternative treatments to prostatectomies

-high doses of radiation are aimed at the prostate cancer in order to kill the cancerous tissue

-good for those who cannot withstand the physical demands of surgery or those who want to reduce the risk of side effects such as incontinence and impotence

beam radiation treatments

-small pellets of radioactive material (size of rice grains)

-inserted into the prostate gland where they deliver their radiation treatment from inside the body

-these pellets deliver twice the dose of radiation as external beam radiation are left in place when they are done delivering the radiation

radioactive seed implants

-less recovery time

-can impair sexual function

-may not eliminate all tumor cells

-surgery is not possible after radiation

side effects of radiation

-type of therapy

-drugs eliminate or block testosterone production by testes

-used when cancer has spread beyond the prostate

hormone therapy

-can impair sexual function and cause hot sweats, irritability

-does not eliminate tumor cells but halts the cell growth

side effects of hormone therapy

-percent of surviving prostate cancer after 5 years

98.6%

-a vasectomy involves cutting pieces out of both vas derens. why does a vasectomy result in sterility?

-what are some of the problems in using PSA tests to screen for prostate cancer

only detects 80% of prostate cancer (psa test= blood test)

-what would you expect to happen to a man's PSA as he develops prostate cancer and then has a prostatectomy the removes all of his prostate

-why is late stage prostate cancer so deadly?

this is the stage where the cancer will usually have metastasized (spreading of cancer cells)

-follicle of ovary produces egg -> egg passes down oviduct -> egg passes thru uterus -> egg passes thru vagina

pathway of egg is unfertilized

-part in the female system

-site of gamete formation (egg or ovum) and hormone production

ovary

-part in the female system

-tube which travels from the ovary to the uterus

-site of egg fertilization by sperm cell

oviduct (fallopian tube)

-part in the female system

-muscular organ where implantation of the blastocyst (pre-embryo) and development of the fetus occurs

uterus

-part in the female system

-"neck" of the uterus which extends into the vaginal canal

cervix

-part in the female system

-muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse

-site of sperm deposition

-also serves as the birth canal

vagina

-the cyclic buildup and breakdown of the endometrium as the uterus prepares monthly for an embryo (fertilized egg)

menstrual cycle

-layer of the uterus which becomes highly vascular in preparation for implantation of embryo

-this layer is shed each month when pregnancy does not occur

endometrium

-the age of the first menstrual cycle has _________ with time

declined

-age of first menstrual cycle has gotten _________ throughout the years

earlier

-reasons why the age has gotten earlier throughout the years for the first menstruation

-nutrition

-obesity (possibly)

(bigger the girl=earlier first menstruation)

-at puberty the hypothalamus in the brain begins producing "releasing hormones" (GnRH) which controls the activity of the pituitary gland

-the pituitary responds to the releasing hormones by producing it's own hormones; LH and FSH.

-FSH and LH travel through the bloodstream to the ovary where they cause changes to occur in the ovary

-in response to FSH, the cells around one early stage ovum (called a follicle) begin to grow and produce estrogen which causes female sex characteristics and causes the endometrium of the uterus to prepare for a pregnancy

-in response to LH, the follicle (with the developing egg inside) ruptures and the egg is released.

-after ovulation, the "old" follicle produces progesterone which causes the endometrium of the uterus to be maintained in case of pregnancy

how hormones regulate the female reproductive system

-principle way the body maintains homeostasis

-when estrogen and progesterone levels rise

-have a negative effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary which slows their production of GnRH, FSH, and LH

-once estrogen and progesterone levels drop low enough

-cause the hypothalamus and pituitary to begin production again

-keeps sex hormones in balance from puberty until menopause

negative feedback

-this graph depicts the levels of FSH and LH that are being produced by the pituitary in response to the releasing hormones from the hypothalamus -around day 12 or 13, the levels of these hormones "surge"

-this surge in hormones will cause the developing follicle in the ovary to release an egg into the oviduct where it may be fertilized

top panel

-what happens in the ovary in response to FSH and LH from the pituitary

-FSH causes cells around the developing ovum (the follicle) begin to grow

-as the follicle grows, the cells of the follicle begin producing estrogen which is responsible for female sex characteristics

-surge of LH around day 13 causes the mature follicle to rupture and release the ovum into the oviduct where it may be fertilized

second panel

-shows the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the 28-day cycle

-estrogen= responsible for female sex characteristics and the thickening of the uterine lining is produced by the developing follicle in the ovary

-as the follicle is growing during the first 14 days of the cycle, estrogen begins to climb

-progesterone= produced in large quantities until after day 14 (ovulation)

-progesterone=maintains the uterine lining in case of pregnancy

third panel

-shows the breakdown and development of the endometrium of the uterus in response to estrogen and progesterone

-when the levels of estrogen and progesterone are low, the endometrium breaks down and is sloughed off

-when levels of estrogen and progesterone rise, the endometrium thickens

-in order for pregnancy to occur, the endometrium must be thick and filled with blood vessels

-after ovulation (when fertilization can occur) the endometrium is the thickest

bottom panel

-pregnancy hormone

-study thickness of endometrium

progesterone

-women are born with ____ of their eggs (100s of thousands-million)

all

-men produce much ______ everyday

sperm

-inside lining of the uterus

endometrium

-after 14 days there is a surge in LH

-you would have sex during this time if you want a baby

ovulation

-day 1 of the 28 day cycle is the first day of __________

menstruation