L1- Immune System & Adaptive Immunity

all cells of the immune system start as ________ stem cells

pluripotent (capable of turning into many things)

pluripotent stem cells are ones that are capable of turning into __________

many things!

the common lymphoid progenitor is the start of the ________ immune system

adaptive

the common _________ progenitor is the start of the adaptive immune system

lymphoid

the ________ progenitor is the start of the innate immune system

myeloid

the myeloid progenitor is the start of the ________ immune system

innate

the lymphoid progenitor develops into ___ or ___ cells

B or T

the ________ progenitor develops into B or T cells

lymphoid (adaptive)

the myeloid progenitor differentiates into _________ & _____

phagocytes & APCs

the __________ progenitor differentiates into phagocytes & APCs

myeloid (innate immunity)

a T cell precursor can either become a _________ cell, or go to the thymus to become a _______ cell

natural killer, T cell (from the thymus)

a B cell precursor can only become a _____ cell

B cell

the lymphoid progenitors develop in the ______________

bone marrow

B cells mature in the ___________

bone marrow

___ cells mature in the bone marrow

B

T cells mature in the ________

thymus

___ cells mature in the thymus

T

what are the primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow & thymus

what are two most important secondary lymphoid organs

spleen & lymph nodes

the __________ lymphoid organs are where the lymphocytes interact with non-lymphoid cells to generate immune responses

secondary

the lymphatic system facilitates _______ by carrying antigens and APCs from the periphery to the secondary lymphoid organs

immunity

T cells have _______ immunity

cellular

___ cells have cellular immunity

T

B cells have ____________ immunity

humoral (antibodies)

___ cells have humoral immunity

B (antibodies)

cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells can communicate via _________

cytokines

B cells express ____________ BCRs and ____________

antigen-specific, antibodies

B cells secrete antibodies that defend against _______cellular pathogens

extra

___ cells secrete __________ that defend against extracellular pathogens

B, antibodies

T cells defend against __________ cells

infected

BCRs are attached to the _________________ via the ____________ region

cell membrane, transmembrane

each B or T cell has a unique BCR or TCR generated through __________ ______________

genetic recombination

can BCRs can recognize and bind to intact antigens without APCs

YES (can also interact with APC’s if it wants, but doesn’t need to)

BCRs can differentiate into _________ cells with antibodies of the same specificity

plasma

TCRs are attached to the ____________ via the ____________ region

cell membrane, transmembrane

TCRs recognize _________ antigens that are presented by MHCs on APCs

peptide

can TCRs can recognize and bind to intact antigens without APCs

NO (they need peptide antigen presentation)

in clonal selection, lymphocytes express multiple, identical copies of that cell’s unique _________ receptor

antigen

in ______________, lymphocytes express multiple identical copies of the cell’s unique receptor

clonal selection

clonal selection produces clones with __________ antigen specificity

the same

an ______________ cell breaks the pathogen down

APC (for presentation to other cells)

in the 1st signal of T cell activation TCRs enable ________ T cells to identify peptide antigens bound to ________ molecules on APCs

naive, MHC

the 2nd signal of T cell activation comes from __________________ that positively or negatively control growth, differentiation, and function

co-stimulators

in addition to breaking down pathogens, APCs also produce _________ to help regulate T cell response

cytokines