#6.6 Forebrain #1

Convoluted (furrowed)

APPEARANCE:

increasing the amount of the cortex without increasing the volume

Convoluted (furrowed)

APPEARANCE:

allow a great deal of surface area to be packed into the brain

surface area = cognitive ability

Lissencephalic

APPEARANCE:

smooth-brained

fissures

APPEARANCE:

large furrows

sulci (sing. sulcus)

APPEARANCE:

small furrows or valleys

gyri (sing. gyrus)

APPEARANCE:

ridges or hills

cerebral commissures

connecting tracts that connect the left and right hemisphere

corpus callosum

"hard body" in latin

corpus callosum

bundle of some 200 million nerve fibers

central & lateral fissures

(2&) fissures that divided the hemisphere into lobes

functional units

Lobes are not ____________________ (having one set of function)

skull bones

the lobes are named after the ___________ that lie above them

Thalamus

this has most of the sensory system

Thalamus

relay station: sensory signals to cerebral cortex

Thalamus

Involved in state of arousal and consciousness

Thalamus

located near the center of the brain and could be said to lie between the forebrain and the midbrain

Thalamus

consists of two joined egg-shaped structure (2 large-lobed structure) on top of brain stem

Thalamus

comatose caused by its damage

seizures cause by disturbance in circuit linking it to cerebral cortex

sensory relay nuclei

Thalamus <

nuclei that receives signals fr sensory receptor -> process in thalamus -> transmits to sensory cortex

Hypothalamus

lies beneath the thalamus' anterior and above the pituitary gland

Hypo

below

Hypothalamus

regulation of motivated behaviors, emotions, reactions to stress, body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation

Hypothalamus

involved in hunger, thirst sexual behavior, caring for offspring, and aggression

pleasure center

this can be found inside the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

directs ANS and portion of PNS that controls glands and organs

pituitary gland

Hypothalamus:

hypothalamus regulates the master gland that releases hormones

optic chasm

Hypothalamus:

point which optic nerves from each eye come together

Mamillary Bodies

Hypothalamus: sense of direction and memory

hypothalamus

damage results in abnormalities on motivated behavior

Cerebral Cortex

outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres

Cerebrum

"brain" in latin

Cortex

"bark" or "shell" in latin

Occipital Lobe

LOBES:

other side of central sulcus

Primary visual cortex

Occipital Lobe <

provides initial cortical processing of visual information

Primary visual cortex

Occipital Lobe <

Analysis of visual input to guide behavior

Occipital Lobe

LOBES:

damage leads to cortical blindness

cortical blindness

eye damage wherein person has normal eyes and pupillary reflexes, but no conscious visual perception and no visual imagery

Temporal Lobe

LOBES:

hearing and understanding spoken language, facial recognition, and perception of movement

Temporal Lobe

LOBES:

located in the lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples

Temporal Lobe

LOBES:

damage such as tumors causes auditory or visual hallucinations

Primary auditory cortex

Temporal Lobe <

located in superior temporal gyrus. Provides the initial cortical processing of sound information

Inferior temporal cortex

Temporal Lobe:

identifies visual patterns

Medial temporal cortex

Temporal lobe:

important in certain kind of memories

Parietal Lobe

LOBES:

processing information about touch & body location, monitors info abt eye, head, and body positions -> passes to brain area that control movement

Parietal Lobe

LOBES:

its other areas perceive location of objects and our body = directing our attention

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Parietal Lobe <

located in postcentral gyrus and Analyzes sensation from the body (touch, pain, position, temperature)

frontal lobe

LOBES:

extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain

primary motor context

Frontal Lobe <

located in precentral gyrus. Provides the highest level of command to the motor systems.

Broca's & Wernicke's area

2 areas within the cortex that contain language function:

aphasia

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

result of damage to either Broca's & Wernicke's area

aphasia

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

disruption of the ability to understand or produce language

Broca's area

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

located in the frontal lobe, near the section of the motor cortex that controls tongue/throat/other areas of face used when speaking

Broca's aphasia

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech

Broca's aphasia

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

they understand language well enough but speak slowly in simple sentences (KEYWORDS ONLY)

Wernicke's aphasia

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language

Wernicke's aphasia

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

impairs ability to think of the proper words to express their own, but they speak with proper SYNTAX (only)

Wernicke's area

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

lies in the temporal lobe near the auditory cortex

Wernicke's area

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

essential to understanding the relationships between words and their meanings

Wernicke's area

LANGUAGE FUNCTION:

responds mainly to auditory information

angular gyrus

lies between the visual cortex and Wernicke's area

angular gyrus

"translates" visual info, as in perceiving written words, into auditory info and sends it to Wernicke's area

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Frontal Lobe < Prefrontal Cortex < top and side of frontal lobe

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Frontal Lobe < Prefrontal Cortex < functions are attention, working memory, planning behavior

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Frontal Lobe < Prefrontal Cortex < dmg leads to apathy, personality change, lack of ability to plan

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Frontal Lobe < Prefrontal Cortex < functions are above and behind the eyes

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Frontal Lobe < Prefrontal Cortex < impulse control

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Frontal Lobe < Prefrontal Cortex < dmg leads to emotional disturbance and impulsivity

prefrontal cortex

"executive center" of the brain

prefrontal cortex

this is where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems

prefrontal cortex

part of the frontal lobe that is closest to the front of the brain

prefrontal cortex

where we process much of the information involved in making plans and solving problems

cerebral cortex

large crinkled mass that you think of as your brain

Cerebrum

responsible for thinking and language

Association Areas

they make possible the breadth and depth of human learning, thought, memory, and language

Association Areas

in the PREFRONTAL REGION

brain's executive center where we solve problems and make plans and decisions

Association Areas

provide the core of your working memory, can tap whatever sensory info is needed/desired