4 - The Appalachian Environment & One Health 🟢

1. culture

2. economics

3. religion

4. politics

5. social aspects

What things make up the "sociosphere"? (5)

health status

Appalachian culture is frequently used as a nebulous explanatory variable of the region's _____

leading

The following are _____ causes of death:

• Heart disease 26%

• Cancer 23%

• Cerebrovascular 6%

• Chronic lower resp. 6%

• Unintentional injuries 5%

• Diabetes 3%

• Alzheimer's dz 3%

• Influenza & pneumonia 2%

• Kidney dz 2%

• Sepsis 2%

contributing

The following are _____ causes of death:

• Tobacco 18%

• Poor diet/inactivity 15%

• Alcohol (inc. MVC) 4%

• Microbial agents 3%

• Toxic agents 2%

• Motor vehicle 2%

• Firearms 1%

• Sexual behavior <1%

• Illicit drug use <1%

behaviors

Extensive epidemiological research has determined specific health _____, such as smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and diet, are major contributors to Appalachia's health disparities

uneven distribution of health care resources

The region as a whole does not contain a shortage of medical professionals when compared to the rest of the country, but suffers from an _____ with those resources concentrated in the more prosperous and populated Appalachian counties

kidney disease

The major concern is that persons with _____ are often unaware that they have the disease, resulting in many undiagnosed cases

community-linked; community-responsive

The underlying cause of the region's poor health outcomes is the general absence of _____ and _____ systems of health

food insecurity

The Appalachian region is one of the nation's most obese regions as well as having higher rates of _____

coal mining; logging; all-terrain vehicle use

Appalachia faces unusual challenges related to occupations and recreational activities that expose residents to high risk of injury, particularly _____, _____, and _____

trauma care

_____ in Appalachia is unevenly distributed and generally underdeveloped, unorganized, fragmented, understaffed, and underfunded

distress; depression; suicide

Appalachians have higher rates of psychological _____,_____, and _____ relative to the rest of the nation, due in part to the prevalence of social, economic, and ecological stressors

emergency services

Appalachians with mental health problems may not be receiving adequate outpatient treatment or timely access to inpatient services, resulting in increased use of _____

small farms

_____ dominate Appalachia with over 95% with 100 acres or less and 60% with less than 50 acres compared to US average of 343 acres

65; 39

In Appalachia Cattle Rule _____% vs. US herd _____%

cattle; pigs

_____ and _____ dominate - together, they make up 91% of Appalachian large animals

Cow-Calf

Most of Appalachian Beef Production is by _____ Operations

18

_____% of vets are over 60

copper; selenium

_____ and _____ deficiency have direct environmental component

copper

Marginal to severe _____ deficiency in cattle is widespread across the United States, especially in the Appalachian mountain and Coastal plains regions

change in hair color

One of the most visible signs of copper deficiency is _____

-Black animals develop a reddish or gray tint

-Red animals become more bleached

dull

With copper deficiency, the coat becomes _____

selenium deficiency

-In calves, this disease is a sure sign of selenium deficiency

-Lesions occur in skeletal and/or heart muscle.

-The clinical signs of the disease vary according to the particular muscle groups affected

upper fore; hind limbs

Skeletal muscle groups commonly affected by selenium deficiency include those of the _____ and _____, and affected animals walk with a stiff-legged gait or are unable to stand

heart; intercostal

Lesions in _____ muscle from selenium deficiency may produce sudden death, and in _____ muscles may produce respiratory distress

young

Acute lead poisoning is more common in _____ animals

GI; nervous

The prominent clinical signs of lead poisoning in cattle are associated with the _____ and _____ systems

24-48 hr

In cattle, signs of lead poisoning in cattle that appear within _____ of exposure include ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, muscle tremors, and convulsions

dogs & cattle

Lead poisoning is most common in what species?

oil; battery

In cattle, many cases of lead poisoning are associated with farming activities when used _____ and _____ disposal from machinery is handled improperly

33

_____% of dogs infected with one or more intestinal nematodes

toxocara

CDC study - 14% of US is seropositive for ______

domestic species

_____ accounted for 8% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2013; a 10% decrease compared with 2012 reports

cats

53% of _____ have rabies

Pennsylvania; Virginia

Cats have represented the majority of rabid domestic animals since 1992 with the State of _____ having reported the largest number of rabid cats (40), followed by _____ (37)

rabid dogs

In 2013, there were 89 _____ reported representing a 6% increase compared with 2012 reports